Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) - Essay Example One year on, we are beginning a yearly procedure of detailing. This report inspects our exercises during 2004 and features the means we expect to take later on. We additionally give a report on how we are performing against targets set a year ago; how we are setting up new execution pointers, and clarifying further what we are doing, as we make progress toward consistent improvement in corporate duty. Tobacco, by its very nature, is a disputable business segment, and it is significant that we keep on tuning in to the assessments of others and speak with clearness. One of the territories that we perceive is of key significance is correspondence and commitment with those who collaborate with our business. Input on our way to deal with corporate duty affirms this is a zone where we should keep on centering consideration and, in acknowledgment of this, exchange is a key subject all through this report. I trust that you will discover this report useful. We accept that great corporate obligation is the sign of an effective association, and we especially welcome your perspectives, (yourviews@gallaherltd.com). (http://www.gallaher-group.com/corporate/crr.asp) What segment does the organization show up under GALLAHER GROUP PLC' principle reason for existing is to expand it money inflow from its large customers (Tobacco segment) in the nations like Austria, Republic of Ireland, Sweden and the UK and underwrite its tasks in universal development technique (Thompson, 1999) through fare openings, for example, putting cash in procuring different organizations and furthermore going into joint endeavors and business tie ups with organizations all over Europe, the CIS, Africa and the rising Asian financial area. In the UK, Gallaher Group PLC needs to expand its market shares(Irwin, 2000) in the developing worth cigarette division inside the United Kingdom by keeping expanding its driving situations in the excellent cigarette and stogie advertise section. Gallaher Group PLC likewise expects to achieve its objective of evening out its marketing projection with its benefit rates picked up on these volume sales.Gallaher Group PLC additionally fields to energetically keep up its top market positions in Austria and the Republic of Ireland by proceeding with its administration procedure of balancing its business volume with benefit rates. Gallaher will actualize its arrangements to go into unknown domains particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. Gallaher Group PLC is by and by intending to increment geometrically its territorial market portion(Chisolm, 1981) in the Commonwealth of the Independent States while it is trying harder to build the extent of its brands(Goldman, 1997) showcased in the more expensive and middle of the road advertises in this locale. Gallaher Group PLC plans to likewise build its market positions(Slavin, 1989) in Poland, the Baltics, Africa and the Asia Pacific district. Nearby with this arrangement, Gallaher Group PLC is as of now battling to keep up it present piece of the overall industry in Sweden's cigarette advertise by likewise actualizing it organization strategy of adjusting its volume deals and benefit proportions. ( Aug, 2006) What full scale

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay Example For Students

Story of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay erican Slave Douglass felt that Christianity was utilized by slaveholders to legitimize the brutality of their activities and to some way or another decontaminate them against the evilness of their hearts. He felt that being the captive of a Christian slaveholder was as terrible as servitude itself. Were I to be again decreased to the chains of bondage, close to that subjugation, I should respect being the captive of a strict ace the best cataclysm that could occur for me. (p. 731) Douglas calls attention to in his supplement that the Christianity of Christ and Christianity of this land are at inverse focuses on the range of good what's more, insidious. Fredrick Douglass develops from a slave kid to a liberated man all through Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave and he utilizes this progress and personality to give an outlet to which the peruser can recognize. Douglass first creates this with the nonattendance of dates. Slaves were kept oblivious with respect to the realities of this present reality, now and then not in any event, knowing the time of their introduction to the world, forestalling the information on a prisoners genuine age. A birthday is something with which individuals can distinguish, as they are a praised piece of our way of life, particularly to youth. Douglass here recognizes himself as a person practically deficient with regards to what we may consider a typical youth essentially using dates. These are essential to our way of life, tallying during the time until your birthday, until Christmas. We recognize ourselves by the dates which encompass the occasions of our lives. Some portion of our character is shaped from dates and this was a benefit he was denied. He is, be that as it may, in the long run gave a fateful opening in numerous to learn dates, yet increase a general vibe for information too. At the point when the open entryway of discovering that his escort gave was for all time shut, he says, it was another and exceptional disclosure, clarifying dim and secretive things, with which my young comprehension had battled, however battled futile. I currently comprehended what had been to me a most astounding trouble indeed, the white keeps an eye on capacity to subjugate the dark man. It was a stupendous accomplishment and I prized it profoundly. From that second I comprehended the pathway from bondage to opportunity (Douglass 78). Douglass was learning and he didnt need to surrender it. The peruser can perceive the amount he esteemed information and his ironclad will to keep that entryway open. In doing this, Douglass distinguishes himself as a developing kid, constrained somewhere near conditions outside his ability to control. He is developing, he is learning, he is developing, and like a little kid who poses a great many inquiries, he won't rest until his hunger for information is controlled. As he acquires and more information, his craving and interest develop, and as he is fulfilled in this perspective, his yearn for opportunity develops. This gets common in his activities; as one of his Masters, Captain Auld put it, city life had nearly destroyed me for each great reason and fitted me for everything which was awful (Douglass 99). His experience made him develop as an individual and person. An old clich states that information is power; Douglass had taken in this direct and was developing into an individual with the fortitude to retaliate and in the end guarantee his opportunity. All through the book, Douglass introduces himself as an individual, compelled to beat unimaginable obstructions to accomplish what a large number of us underestimate through the accounts he tells. He initially guarantees that the peruser can relate to him before delving into the natural subtleties of a specific story, along these lines guaranteeing whatever feeling he is attempting to bring out. It was likewise basic that Douglass show his development as an individual with the goal that we would consider him to be only that, an individual, not some creature to be effectively excused. .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postImageUrl , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:visited , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active { border:0!important; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u353 d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Web DuBois Argumentative EssayBecause Douglass was so expressive, and his personal history so elegantly composed, the uncertainty surfaced in the psyche of some crowd individuals with respect to whether he had composed the account or more to the outrageous, regardless of whether he had really been a slave. Therefore, his validity was raised doubt about. Douglass adequately .

TOEFL Essay Evaluation and Scoring

TOEFL Essay Evaluation and Scoring Updated January 24, 2020Writing Should be the Easiest Part of the TOEFL. ButMany students struggle with their TOEFL essays. They take the test again and again because a bad writing score drags down their overall result. This is horrible because the writing section should be the easiest part of the TOEFL for most students. The problem is that most students dont getsufficient feedbackwhen they practice writing before taking the test.Dont Worry. We Can Help.Sign up for our essay evaluation service and youll get:Line-by-line corrections of your practice essays provided by anative English speaker.Corrections of all of your grammar and vocabulary errors.Anestimate of how your essay would score on test day.Advice onhow to score highernext time.Completetemplatesfor both essay types that will show you proper structure.Complete feedback within48 hours.Note that we also offer speaking evaluations and proofreading services for university admissions documents and personal essays.Buy Now Using Pay Pal/Visa/Mastercard Number of EssaysOne Essay $19.00 USDTwo Essays $36.00 USDThree Essays $51.00 USDSix Essays $96.00 USDTwelve Essays $180.00 USDTwenty Essays $280.00 USD Heres How it WorksBuy an evaluation using the PayPal link above. Save moneyby purchasing multiple evaluations. Send your essays all at once or one at a time.Write your next practice essay (integratedorindependent). Use your own topic or ask us for practice questions.E-mail your completed essay in any format (or share with Google Docs) to TOEFL Resources: essayevaluation@toeflresources.comI will send a response in 48 hours. If you dont see it, remember to check your spam folder.Note for Korean Customers: New banking regulations in Korea make it impossible for you to use PayPal. Send me an email and Ill arrange an easy bank transfer.What will the Line by Line Corrections Look Like?Something like this. Click for a bigger version. What is Everyone Saying About the Service?Writing:30/30, all thanks to Michael: Thank y ou so very much for all your assistance without which I couldnt have scored full marks in writing. Your constant essay improvement tips helped me immensely. Thank you, once again and I am definitely recommending this website to my friends. -Janani, IndiaI had my exam on Nov 16th. My TOEFL results are out today and scored 104.I got 28 in the writing section. I have taken this exam twice and have never scored this much. Michael sir helped me a lot. He corrected my essays and gave tips. They were really helpful. I followed your tips and used to follow them when I practiced and it helped me a lot.THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND GREAT HELP. I had surfed the Internet like hell to get help and for reviews. Im glad at last I found good help.REALLY THANKS A TON -Alekhya, RussiaFinally received my score.Its 29 in writing,28-speaking, 30-reading, 30-listening. I just wanted you to know that the good score in writing is partly because of your help. The essays you reviewed and the suggestions you gave really helped me in paying attention to details in my essays, especially the grammatical mistakes. Wanted to thank you for your help. THANK YOU! -Parvez, PakistanI got 115 in total.R29, L28,S28, W30. Thank you so much for helping me with my writing and speaking! The rules you taught me about writing are especially useful! Thank you so much! -Crystal, JapanMy TOEFL results just came in. My overall score is 114 (R 29; L 29;S 29;W 27).Thank you for your help! I really appreciate it! I am happy you were advising me.I never expected to get such high result, but the materials on your website on Speaking and Writing sections helped me a lot. -Anastasia, Ukraine.Thanks a lot Michael. You might not know this, but you have helped a whole lot of people. Your videos are amazing and your templates helped me greatly. Especially since I studied alone and have no experience. I just received my score (101). I am immensely grateful. You are sublime.Clare 0.

The Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares...

The Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth, once a noble and courageous warrior is transformed into an egotistical and ruthless tyrant. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth encounters a transformation which brings him the crown, as well as his death. However, this transformation reached the point it did because three motivational factors. Throughout the tragedy the Three Witches (along with the prophecy), Macbeths himself, and Lady Macbeth were motivational factors that manipulated Macbeth into committing murder and treason. Although it is Macbeth who is at blame for his actions, it is these three motivational factors that caused him to complete those actions. If it were not for these†¦show more content†¦Macbeth took the prophecies that he received and turned them into his own personal reassurance: Bring me no more reports. Let them fly all./ Till Birnam Wood remove to Dunsinane/ I cannot taint with fear. Whats the boy Malcolm?/ Was he not born of woman? The spirits that know/ All mortal consequences have pronounced me thus:/ Fear not, Macbeth. No man thats born of woman/ Shall eer have power upon thee (5.3.1-7). Macbeth would develop a false sense of security, which lead him to believe that he was invulnerable. He would act as if his throne could not be threatened and that he had nothing to worry about, when however he was under great danger of being backstabbed by his once loyal friends. Furthermore, Macbeth creates a false sense of mind and forces himself to believe that the words of the Three Witches are true. Macbeths incorrect conclusions formed from the apparitions and his own interpretation of the prophecy, lead to his ruin. Macbeths greatest cause of his destruction was the one he held dearest to him, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth questions Macbeths manhood in an attempt to manipulate him into doing things that she wants. For instance, when Macbeth is questioning whether or not he should murder Duncan, Lady Macbeth fools Macbeth into thinking about how any real man would commit the murder: What beast was t/ then,/ that made you break this enterprise to me?/ When you durst do it, then youShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Richard IIi906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare employs a variety of techniques in his plays to show good characters from bad characters; one such technique as the application of deformity or an abnormality manifests itself physically and psychologically with the dramas. The incorporation of a defect, whether it be physically or psychology, reveals flawed characteristics within the said character. Most of these flawed characteristics, though revealed in different situations, share similar problems and consequences. For exampleRead MoreEssay about The Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet646 Words   |  3 PagesThe Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, we experience a completely different Lady Macbeth at the beginning of the play, than we do as the play unfolds. Lady Macbeth is the perfect example of a character playing a dramatic role reversal. At the beginning of the play, her character was that of a strong, controlling wife, whose goal was to make her husband commit a murder in order to become king. Lady Macbeth ends up going crazy and having a nervousRead MoreEssay on The Globe Theatre and The Elizabethan Audience 1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre in London , where William Shakespeares most famous plays premiered; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Twelfth Night, was built in 1599 in Southwark on the south bank of London’s River Thames by Richard Burbage. It was co-owned by Shakespeare, with a share of 12.5%. The Globe was a large, open-aired, three-tiered theater made out of timber taken from the Theatre-– a former theatre owned by Richard Burbage’s father. The Globe Theatre burned to the groundRead MoreCaptivating Characters in Macbeth and The Crucible1024 Words   |  5 Pages The Captivating Characters in Macbeth and The Crucible nbsp; For a play to meet with success, it is essential that it include a cast of interesting and captivating characters. Without interesting characters, the audience would not only be confused by each unimportant character, but possibly puzzled by the plot, disinterested in the theme and ideas, and worst of all, bored by the entire story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; For instance, in The CrucibleRead More Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth is a story taken from Scottish history and presented to the Scottish king James I. Shakespeare took this gory tale of murderous ambition, however, and transformed it into an imaginative tale of good and evil. Shakespeare brought about this transformation by relying upon â€Å"imaginative verbal vigor† that imbeds itself in the brilliantly concentrated phrases of this literary work. Critics have dubbed it his darkest work, along with King Lear. In his critique of Shakespeare’s worksRead More The Witches in MacBeth Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Witches in MacBeth      Ã‚   Shakespeare utilized many sources of information when writing his plays.   One of his sources for the witches in MacBeth was almost certainly Reginald Scots The Discoverie of Witchcraft, published in 1584.   In his book, Scot refuted many of the common notions regarding witches and their powers; nevertheless, the book created a basic outline for the typical witch, including physical descriptions and abilities.   The witches in MacBeth are representations ofRead MoreEssay about Gender Roles in Macbeth1453 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Macbeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although written long ago, Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth still has themes relevant for contemporary society.   Murderous ambition, political intrigue, crafty social alliances, the disintegration of marriage – these could be headlines from any daily news program.   It comes as no surprise, then, that we also find a significant number of moments in the play where gender seems to be an issue. More specifically, we might say that Shakespeares dramatic investigationRead MoreEssay on Lady Macbeth: A Dynamic Character1253 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lady Macbeth appears to be the neck that turns the head. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers in history, but he wasn’t recognized until the nineteenth century. He wrote many plays, sonnets, plays, and narrative plays. It was during the sixteenth century that he wrote the tragedy of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth, wife to the protagonist Macbeth, is one of Shakespeareâ€⠄¢s most famous and evil female characters. At the start of the play, Lady Macbeth is ruthlessRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is the ultimate story of a fight between the forces of good and evil. It tells the tale of a tragic hero whose quest for power leads to his ultimate downfall. Macbeth starts out as an honorable warrior but changes when his ambition becomes uncontrollable. As he becomes increasingly paranoid, Macbeth uses violent means to eliminate threats to his Scottish throne. As the play progresses, blood continuously plays a part in the events as the murders become more frequent. William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prick

The Citizen Genêt Affair of 1793

The new United States federal government had largely managed to avoid serious diplomatic incidents until 1793. And then along came Citizen Genà ªt. Now more infamously known as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt,† Edmond Charles Genà ªt served as France’s foreign minister to the United States from 1793 to 1794. Rather than maintaining friendly relationships between the two nations, Genà ªt’s activities entangled France and the United States in a diplomatic crisis that endangered the United States government’s attempts to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France. While France ultimately resolved the dispute by removing Genà ªt from his position, the events of the Citizen Genà ªt affair forced the United States to create its first set of procedures governing international neutrality. Citizen Genà ªt Edmond Charles Genà ªt was virtually raised to be a government diplomat. Born in Versailles in 1763, he was the ninth son of a lifelong French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genà ªt, a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs. The elder Genà ªt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. By the age of 12, the young Edmond Genà ªt was considered a prodigy due to his ability to read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek, and German. In 1781, at age 18, Genà ªt was appointed court translator and in 1788 was assigned to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia to serve as ambassador. Genà ªt eventually came to despise all monarchical systems of government, including not only the French monarchy but the Tsarist Russian regime under Catherine the Great, as well. Needless to say, Catherine was offended and in 1792, declared Genà ªt persona non grata, calling his presence â€Å"not only superfluous but even intolerable.† The same year, the anti-monarchist Girondist group rose to power in France and appointed Genà ªt to his post of minister to the United States. Diplomatic Setting of the Citizen Genà ªt Affair During the 1790s, American foreign policy was dominated by the multi-national fallout being generated by the French Revolution. After the violent overthrow of the French monarchy in 1792, the French revolutionary government faced an often-violent colonial power struggle with the monarchies of Great Britain and Spain. In 1793, President George Washington had just appointed former U.S. ambassador to France Thomas Jefferson as America’s first Secretary of State. When the French Revolution led to war between America’s top trade partner Britain and American Revolution ally France, President Washington urged Jefferson, along with the rest of his Cabinet, to maintain a policy of neutrality. However, Jefferson, as leader of the anti-federalist Democratic-Republican Party, sympathized with the French revolutionaries. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, leader of the Federalist Party, favored maintaining existing alliances—and treaties—with Great Britain. Convinced that supporting either Great Britain or France in a war would place the still comparatively weak United States in imminent danger of invasion by foreign armies, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793. It was this setting that the French government sent Genà ªt – one of its most experienced diplomats—to America to seek the U.S. government’s help in protecting its colonies in the Caribbean. As far as the French government was concerned, America could help them as either an active military ally or as a neutral supplier of arms and materials. Genà ªt was also assigned to: Obtain advance payments on debts owed to France by the United States;Negotiate a commercial agreement between the United States and France; andImplement provisions of the 1778 Franco-American treaty allowing France to attack British merchant ships using French ships stationed in American ports. Unfortunately, Genà ªt’s actions in trying to carry out his mission would bring him – and potentially his government—into direct conflict with the U.S. government. Hello, America. I’m Citizen Genà ªt and I’m Here to Help As soon as he stepped off the ship in Charleston, South Carolina on April 8, 1793, Genà ªt introduced himself as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt† in an effort to emphasize his pro-revolutionary stance. Genà ªt hoped his affection for French revolutionaries would help him win the hearts and minds of Americans who had recently fought their own revolution, with the help of France, of course. The first American heart and mind Genà ªt apparently won belonged to South Carolina governor William Moultrie. Genà ªt convinced Gov. Moultrie to issue privateering commissions that authorized the bearers, regardless of their country of origin, to board and seize British merchant ships and their cargo for their own profit, with the approval and protection of the French government. In May 1793, Genà ªt arrived in Philadelphia, then the U.S. capital. However, when he presented his diplomatic credentials, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told him that President Washington’s Cabinet considered his agreement with Gov. Moultrie sanctioning the operations of foreign privateers in American seaports to be a violation of the U.S. policy of neutrality. Taking more wind from Genà ªt’s sails, the U.S. Government, already holding favorable trade privileges in French ports, refused to negotiate a new trade treaty. Washington’s Cabinet also refused Genà ªt’s request for advance payments on U.S. debts to the French government. Genà ªt Defies Washington Not to be deterred by the U.S. government’s warnings, Genà ªt began outfitting another French pirate ship in Charleston Harbor named the Little Democrat. Defying further warnings from U.S. officials to not allow the ship to leave port, Genà ªt continued to prepare the Little Democrat to sail. Further fanning the flames, Genà ªt threatened to bypass the U.S. government by taking his case for French piracy of British ships to the American people, who he believed would back his cause. However, Genà ªt failed to realize that President Washington—and his international neutrality policy—enjoyed great public popularity. Even as President Washington’s Cabinet was discussing how to convince the French government to recall him, Citizen Genà ªt allowed the Little Democrat to sail and begin attacking British merchant ships. Upon learning of this direct violation of the U.S. government’s neutrality policy, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton asked Secretary of State Jefferson to immediately expel Genà ªt from the United States. Jefferson, however, decided to take the more diplomatic tact of sending a request Genà ªt’s recall to the French government. By the time Jefferson’s request for Genà ªt’s recall reached France, political power within the French government shifted. The radical Jacobins group had replaced the slightly less radical Girondins, who had originally sent Genà ªt to the United States. The foreign policy of the Jacobins favored maintaining friendlier relations with neutral countries that could provide France with crucially needed food. Already unhappy with his failure to fulfill his diplomatic mission and suspecting him of remaining loyal to the Girondins, the French government stripped Genà ªt of his position and demanded that the U.S. government hand him over to French officials sent to replace him. Aware that Genà ªt’s return to France would almost certainly result in his execution, President Washington and Attorney General Edmund Randolph allowed him to remain in the United States. The Citizen Genà ªt affair came to a peaceful end, with Genà ªt himself continuing to reside in the United States until his death in 1834. The Citizen Genà ªt Affair Solidified  US Neutrality Policy In response to the Citizen Genà ªt affair, the United States immediately established a formal policy regarding international neutrality. On August 3, 1793, President Washington’s Cabinet unanimously signed a set of regulations regarding neutrality. Less than a year later, on June 4, 1794, Congress formalized those regulations with its passage of the Neutrality Act of 1794. As the basis for U.S. neutrality policy, the Neutrality Act of 1794 makes it illegal for any American to wage war against any country currently at peace with the United States. In part, the Act declares: â€Å"If any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States begin or set on foot or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise ... against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or state of whom the United States was at peace that person would be guilty of a misdemeanor.† Although amended several times over the years, the Neutrality Act of 1794 remains in force today.

Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies Free Essays

It has been more than five centuries since Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. We know a great deal about Columbus, of course, and about the Europeans and Africans who crossed the Atlantic after him. We know much less about the â€Å"Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies or any similar topic only for you Order Now † as Columbus mistakenly called them?the people already living in America. But we are learning more all the time, so I want to talk about early contacts between Native Americans and newcomers. We now estimate that as many as seven million people were living in North America 500 years ago, and that their ancestors had been on this continent for at least thirteen thousand years. For all this time?hundreds of generations?they had remained isolated from Asia and Africa and Europe, building their own separate world. Over many centuries, these first North Americans developed diverse cultures that were as varied as the landscapes they lived in. And they developed hundreds of different languages. Looking back, what can we say about early encounters between these diverse Native Americans and the strange newcomers who arrived from across the ocean? Let me give you a few things to think about. Remember, first of all, that these Minimal contacts stretched over the entire continent and occurred over several centuries. The encounters were nearly as varied as the people involved. But key issues such as language, belief, technology, and disease arose regularly in different times and places. We may never know exactly about the first contacts from overseas. Long before Columbus, occasional boats may have arrived across the North Pacific from Asia, or across the Atlantic from Africa or Europe. They may have sailed intentionally or drifted by mistake. But such encounters were brief. So was the encounter with Norse Vikings. They visited Newfoundland in Canada about 1,000 years ago?nearly 500 years before Columbus. Their little colony of 160 people was short-lived. We know from sagas (family stories passed down orally across generations) that local Inhabitants attacked the Norse settlers, forcing them to retreat to Greenland after several years. In contrast, the newcomers who followed Columbus after 1492 proved far more numerous and more willing to stay. Though few In numbers at first, these European strangers brought supplies and then enforcements from across the sea. Now, imagine that you are one of those newcomers, approaching my small portion of North America for the first time. As Native American, I have diverse friends and enemies living all around me, and because I engage in trade I am used to encounters with strangers who do not speak my language. But you are different in various ways, and I have probably already heard rumors about you?some true and some false? from neighbors who have seen your ships. And believe me, your ships are a big surprise. My people live near the ocean, and we understand boats. But when we addle out to observe you, we are Impressed by the size of your ship, with Its tall masts. On the East Coast, I greet you from a birch-bark canoe or a dugout canoe. Indians are small. If you enter Upset Sound, the cypress canoes of the Northwest Coast Indians are much larger. Maybe you are Russian fur-hunters reaching Alaska. If so, you are amazed at my light, quick kayak. If you are the English explorer James Cook approaching Hawaii for the first time, you are struck to see our outrigger canoes and surf boards. One way or another, we can push off from the beach or the river mouth and visit your ocean-going vessel. But it is strange for us; you needed iron tools to create this ship, huge sheets of cloth to make it sail, and navigational charts to find your way. We have none of these. On the other hand, you are totally ignorant of our home waters. It is no secret that along Florist’s coast and North Carolina’s Outer Banks, Native Americans often found European shipwrecks. We Indians know ?and we may be willing to tell you?which anchoring spots give protection from storms. We know the local streams and which house sites might flood in springtime. We know where there is fresh water?which you probably need after weeks at sea? ND we know sources of food for every time of year. The Indians in New England, watching the Pilgrims starve at Plymouth, showed them how to locate clams in the mudflats at low tide, how to trap fish, how to plant corn, and how to hunt strange, tasty birds called turkeys. But not all first encounters occurred near the coast. Before the middle of the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers were marching inland so far and so fast that rumors of their arrival scarcely had time to precede them. In the 1 sass, Native peoples living in the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas ere surprised by the fierce invasion of Despot and his army. At the same time, Indians further west on the Great Plains experienced the sudden arrival of Coronal’s force, traveling from New Mexico on horseback in search of sudden wealth. In these two instances, and in many later confrontations, Europeans reacted at first with disappointment, frustration, and violence. The new environment seemed strange and dangerous; local people did not fit European hopes and expectations. For Native Americans, the most serious outcome of initial encounters, whether near he ocean or far inland, was the arrival of contagious diseases?unfamiliar sicknesses that they had never experienced. Again and again, foreign newcomers brought deadly illnesses with them. Three hundred years would elapse between the early Spanish explorations and the forced removal of Native Americans from much of the expanding United States in the asses. That is a huge stretch of time, and the encounters between Indians and non-landing varied widely across those three centuries. Gradually, especially in the East, Non-landing gained the upper hand in terms of sheer numbers. Some general estimates regarding the southeast, from Virginia to East Texas, illustrate this point. In 1700, four out of five persons in the entire region were Indians. But by 1800, Indian numbers had declined and the European and African population had risen so fast that scarcely one person in thirty was a Native American. If sickness and death moved unevenly in one direction, from non-landing to Indian, Christianity moved in the same direction. Many of the earliest encounters involved missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who worked energetically to convert Native Americans to their Christian faith. In New England, the Reverend John Eliot spent years translating the Bible into the Massachusetts language, and in 1663 he printed 1000 copies to be used by converts known as efforts often met with fierce resistance. In the Southwest, Catholic priests and missionaries accompanied the earliest Spanish settlers in New Mexico, and efforts began around 1600 to suppress the Pueblo religion with harsh punishments. But Pueblo leaders fought back. In the successful â€Å"Pueblo Revolt† of 1680, Indian rebels expelled the Spanish colonizers. The Pueblos attacked missionaries, burned churches, and punished Christian converts. While the Christian religion and the strange new diseases moved in one direction, education and trade moved in two directions. Let’s take education first. Europeans were a literate society; many could write letters and read books. In America they began to share this powerful tool through schools. In the seventeenth century, Harvard build a separate Indian college on its campus. In the eighteenth century, Dartmouth College in New Hampshire emphasized Native American education, at least for a few. But at the same time, Indians who understood the American land and the natural world offered education to the newcomers. They were constantly explaining matters of geography, climate, and food. They knew when to plant and harvest crops, when fish were plentiful in certain streams, when the abundant oak trees dropped their acorns. Then knew which plants were edible, and how to track game. Gradually they shared their knowledge with newcomers. In Louisiana, white settlers often sent a young son to live among the local Indians to learn their language and pave the way for future trade. Trading, like education, was a two-way street. From the start, Europeans were scouring the land for items they could ship home and sell at a profit. Precious metals or spices would be best, but they saw few signs of these items. What they found instead was fur. In the Southeast, the soft hides of whitetail deer could be scraped and packed and shipped to Europe to make aprons and gloves. In New England and Canada, the pelts of beaver could be sent across the Atlantic to hat makers for the creation of fashionable beaver hats. Along the Northwest Coast, Russian traders obtained the valuable pelts of sea otters, which they could trade to the Chinese for spices and tea. More often than not, it was the Native Americans who hunted the animals and processed the pelts for shipment abroad. But if people in Europe and Asia were eager for North American furs of all sorts, Native Americans were equally eager for unfamiliar trade items from Europe. Indians exchanged hides and pelts for woolen blankets and coats, yards of cloth and ribbons, supplies of buttons, beads, and thread. Metal items of all kinds represented new and dramatic improvements in a world where utensils were shaped slowly from wood and rocks and clay. Metal knives and needles had obvious appeal. Metal pots, though heavy, were more durable and more versatile than clay pots. Besides, if they were poorly made and sprung leaks, they could be broken into pieces to be shaped into sharp arrowheads. When Dutch traders moved up the Hudson River to barter with the Indians for furs, the Mohawk called them â€Å"Kristin,† meaning â€Å"metal makers. Iron axes and hatchets were especially desirable. Native Americans knew how to kill trees by peeling off layers of bark. They could fell them by slowly burning away the base. But a durable metal axe made it possible to shape wood rapidly, whether building a house, carving a totem pole, or hollowing a dugout canoe. Various kinds of rum and spirits also figured early and often in the trade. Hard liquor gave European traders an person consuming alcohol also became less alert?more subject to an unfair trade or a robbery. Two other unfamiliar items?the gun and the horse?swept across North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth century as a result of trade between Indians and non-landing. Laws passed in Spain prohibited Spanish colonists in the Southwest from trading guns to Indians. So guns moved steadily westward instead, purchased from the French and Dutch and English in the East. Once a tribe acquired guns through the fur trade, neighboring tribes worked desperately to acquire similar weapons, or else they risked being defeated in war or outdone as hunters and fur traders. The horse, reintroduced into North America by the Spanish in the Southwest, moved in the opposite direction, After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, horses spread north and east across the Great Plains?traded from one nation to another, or stolen in order to gain new mobility and power. A map shows clearly how the horse frontier and the gun frontier pushed in opposite directions. During the 18th century, tribes such as the Sioux on the Northern Plains and the Comanche on the Southern Plains gained access to both guns and horses, giving their cultures great power. For a long time, these complex exchanges proved mutually beneficial. Both Indians and non- Indians felt they were gaining valuable benefits from trade. But eventually, major changes undercut and ended this beneficial and agreeable trade. For one thing, the non-landing population continued to grow, while the Indian numbers declined sharply as a result of warfare and disease. But even more importantly, European newcomers sired Indian land even more than they wanted peaceful trade. Soon, land itself became an item of trade, and land that could not be bought was taken by force. Gradually, we are learning more about early contacts between Indians and non- Indians, and the way these relationships changed over time. The contacts were numerous and varied. They took a different shape in every part of the continent, depending upon which Indian cultures lived there and which foreigners first invaded their land. At first, these contacts were often mutually beneficial, as strangers learned from, and traded with, one another. But later, sickness, warfare, and crushing demands for land changed these connections. Contacts became more lopsided and destructive, through long chapters of our history. So, from now on, I hope that any time you see a horse or a rifle or a metal pot or a colorful ribbon you will think about these early contacts between Native Americans who had lived here for untold generations and newcomers who have been here scarcely five centuries. After all, these varied connections are a rich and forgotten part of our shared heritage here in North America. Thanks for Joining me. How to cite Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies, Papers

System Life Cycle Processes and Activities-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Define what a Methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2.Familiarise yourselves with the various methodologies in the list below. Choose two Methodologies from this list to Compare and Contrast, analysing the similarities and differences between them both. List of project methodologies and processes Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) PRINCE2 SDLC Waterfall Agile 3. Finally, identify how your chosen Methodologies and Processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC). Answers: 1.The methodology is a model that is for employing the designing, planning, implementation and for the proper achievement of the project. They are mainly set to define about the different perspectives where it is possible to easily build and employ the technology that has been for catering the needs of the project spanned in the different business zones. The methodology is important because: The adaptive project framework works with the time and cost that is constant for the project. It includes the execution of the project to adjust with the maximum business value. Agile Software Development where the project need to work on agility of requirements. Through this, there are certain short term cycles with the dynamic culture of the team. The dynamic systems development method is important for the training and supporting of the methodology. (Macombe et al., 2013). 2.SDLC: This is considered as one of the best conceptual model for the software development of the projects. Here, the possibility is mainly to combine with the projects and the methodology for the better outcome. The emphasis is on the outcome with the documentation use that has to follow some strict guidelines. This includes the system engineering process for planning, creating, testing and then deploying the information system. Here, the concepts apply to the hardware and the software configurations where the system could easily work for building, testing and delivering a proper information system. (Kerzner, 2013). The high-quality systems include the proper delivery of information which is based on the customer requirements. The service oriented form is mainly to link with the traditional systems and include the waterfall, spiral and Agile software development. Waterfall: This works on the sequential designing process which is for the software development where there is a flow done in a steady manner downwards through the use of planning, production, implementation and maintenance. The model also works with the construction and the manufacturing industries where there is highly structured environment to handle the software development. The clients do not require with the working over the software with changing requirements that lead to the redesigning, redevelopment and the testing with increased costs. The designers work on the modified waterfall models with introduction to the agile software development which is considered as an ineffective process for developing the software. The designing and document methodology is based on the project patterns with the focus on handling the structured model. (Stark, 2015) 3.Waterfall Model: This focus of the project lifecycle is based on; a. the system and the software requirements which includes the capturing of the product requirement documents. Analysis is based on the results in model, with schema and the business rules. Designing results in the software architecture. (Walden et al., 2015). Coding works with the development, proving and working on the software integration. Testing works with the debugging of defects and setting the operations which are important for the installation, migration and setting the maintenance of the system SDLC Phases This works with the: Initiation that needs to work on identifying the opportunities and the concept proposal is also required for this. The system concept and development properly defines the scope and the boundaries of the concepts. They include the system boundary document, with certain cost benefit analysis and the risks management plan. The planning is through the development of project management with the documents provided based on the needs. The requirement analysis and design is for check the requirements of the user and working on the transformation of the detailed patterns into complete system. This focus on working with the required functionality. The development, integration and testing is to covert the design to information system, which also includes the installation of the system environment and then creating all the testing database which is for preparing the test case procedures with proper coding and compilation. (Kerzner, 2013). The implementation, operations and the maintenance is important for checking on the system production, with the post implementation and in-process reviews as well. The disposition describes the end of system activities. References Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Macombe, C., Leskinen, P., Feschet, P., Antikainen, R. (2013). Social life cycle assessment of biodiesel production at three levels: a literature review and development needs.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 205-216. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., Shortell, T. M. (Eds.). (2015).Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. Wile