Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility (Gallaher Group PLC ) - Essay Example One year on, we are beginning a yearly procedure of detailing. This report inspects our exercises during 2004 and features the means we expect to take later on. We additionally give a report on how we are performing against targets set a year ago; how we are setting up new execution pointers, and clarifying further what we are doing, as we make progress toward consistent improvement in corporate duty. Tobacco, by its very nature, is a disputable business segment, and it is significant that we keep on tuning in to the assessments of others and speak with clearness. One of the territories that we perceive is of key significance is correspondence and commitment with those who collaborate with our business. Input on our way to deal with corporate duty affirms this is a zone where we should keep on centering consideration and, in acknowledgment of this, exchange is a key subject all through this report. I trust that you will discover this report useful. We accept that great corporate obligation is the sign of an effective association, and we especially welcome your perspectives, (yourviews@gallaherltd.com). (http://www.gallaher-group.com/corporate/crr.asp) What segment does the organization show up under GALLAHER GROUP PLC' principle reason for existing is to expand it money inflow from its large customers (Tobacco segment) in the nations like Austria, Republic of Ireland, Sweden and the UK and underwrite its tasks in universal development technique (Thompson, 1999) through fare openings, for example, putting cash in procuring different organizations and furthermore going into joint endeavors and business tie ups with organizations all over Europe, the CIS, Africa and the rising Asian financial area. In the UK, Gallaher Group PLC needs to expand its market shares(Irwin, 2000) in the developing worth cigarette division inside the United Kingdom by keeping expanding its driving situations in the excellent cigarette and stogie advertise section. Gallaher Group PLC likewise expects to achieve its objective of evening out its marketing projection with its benefit rates picked up on these volume sales.Gallaher Group PLC additionally fields to energetically keep up its top market positions in Austria and the Republic of Ireland by proceeding with its administration procedure of balancing its business volume with benefit rates. Gallaher will actualize its arrangements to go into unknown domains particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. Gallaher Group PLC is by and by intending to increment geometrically its territorial market portion(Chisolm, 1981) in the Commonwealth of the Independent States while it is trying harder to build the extent of its brands(Goldman, 1997) showcased in the more expensive and middle of the road advertises in this locale. Gallaher Group PLC plans to likewise build its market positions(Slavin, 1989) in Poland, the Baltics, Africa and the Asia Pacific district. Nearby with this arrangement, Gallaher Group PLC is as of now battling to keep up it present piece of the overall industry in Sweden's cigarette advertise by likewise actualizing it organization strategy of adjusting its volume deals and benefit proportions. ( Aug, 2006) What full scale

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay Example For Students

Story of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay erican Slave Douglass felt that Christianity was utilized by slaveholders to legitimize the brutality of their activities and to some way or another decontaminate them against the evilness of their hearts. He felt that being the captive of a Christian slaveholder was as terrible as servitude itself. Were I to be again decreased to the chains of bondage, close to that subjugation, I should respect being the captive of a strict ace the best cataclysm that could occur for me. (p. 731) Douglas calls attention to in his supplement that the Christianity of Christ and Christianity of this land are at inverse focuses on the range of good what's more, insidious. Fredrick Douglass develops from a slave kid to a liberated man all through Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave and he utilizes this progress and personality to give an outlet to which the peruser can recognize. Douglass first creates this with the nonattendance of dates. Slaves were kept oblivious with respect to the realities of this present reality, now and then not in any event, knowing the time of their introduction to the world, forestalling the information on a prisoners genuine age. A birthday is something with which individuals can distinguish, as they are a praised piece of our way of life, particularly to youth. Douglass here recognizes himself as a person practically deficient with regards to what we may consider a typical youth essentially using dates. These are essential to our way of life, tallying during the time until your birthday, until Christmas. We recognize ourselves by the dates which encompass the occasions of our lives. Some portion of our character is shaped from dates and this was a benefit he was denied. He is, be that as it may, in the long run gave a fateful opening in numerous to learn dates, yet increase a general vibe for information too. At the point when the open entryway of discovering that his escort gave was for all time shut, he says, it was another and exceptional disclosure, clarifying dim and secretive things, with which my young comprehension had battled, however battled futile. I currently comprehended what had been to me a most astounding trouble indeed, the white keeps an eye on capacity to subjugate the dark man. It was a stupendous accomplishment and I prized it profoundly. From that second I comprehended the pathway from bondage to opportunity (Douglass 78). Douglass was learning and he didnt need to surrender it. The peruser can perceive the amount he esteemed information and his ironclad will to keep that entryway open. In doing this, Douglass distinguishes himself as a developing kid, constrained somewhere near conditions outside his ability to control. He is developing, he is learning, he is developing, and like a little kid who poses a great many inquiries, he won't rest until his hunger for information is controlled. As he acquires and more information, his craving and interest develop, and as he is fulfilled in this perspective, his yearn for opportunity develops. This gets common in his activities; as one of his Masters, Captain Auld put it, city life had nearly destroyed me for each great reason and fitted me for everything which was awful (Douglass 99). His experience made him develop as an individual and person. An old clich states that information is power; Douglass had taken in this direct and was developing into an individual with the fortitude to retaliate and in the end guarantee his opportunity. All through the book, Douglass introduces himself as an individual, compelled to beat unimaginable obstructions to accomplish what a large number of us underestimate through the accounts he tells. He initially guarantees that the peruser can relate to him before delving into the natural subtleties of a specific story, along these lines guaranteeing whatever feeling he is attempting to bring out. It was likewise basic that Douglass show his development as an individual with the goal that we would consider him to be only that, an individual, not some creature to be effectively excused. .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postImageUrl , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:visited , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active { border:0!important; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u353 d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Web DuBois Argumentative EssayBecause Douglass was so expressive, and his personal history so elegantly composed, the uncertainty surfaced in the psyche of some crowd individuals with respect to whether he had composed the account or more to the outrageous, regardless of whether he had really been a slave. Therefore, his validity was raised doubt about. Douglass adequately .

TOEFL Essay Evaluation and Scoring

TOEFL Essay Evaluation and Scoring Updated January 24, 2020Writing Should be the Easiest Part of the TOEFL. ButMany students struggle with their TOEFL essays. They take the test again and again because a bad writing score drags down their overall result. This is horrible because the writing section should be the easiest part of the TOEFL for most students. The problem is that most students dont getsufficient feedbackwhen they practice writing before taking the test.Dont Worry. We Can Help.Sign up for our essay evaluation service and youll get:Line-by-line corrections of your practice essays provided by anative English speaker.Corrections of all of your grammar and vocabulary errors.Anestimate of how your essay would score on test day.Advice onhow to score highernext time.Completetemplatesfor both essay types that will show you proper structure.Complete feedback within48 hours.Note that we also offer speaking evaluations and proofreading services for university admissions documents and personal essays.Buy Now Using Pay Pal/Visa/Mastercard Number of EssaysOne Essay $19.00 USDTwo Essays $36.00 USDThree Essays $51.00 USDSix Essays $96.00 USDTwelve Essays $180.00 USDTwenty Essays $280.00 USD Heres How it WorksBuy an evaluation using the PayPal link above. Save moneyby purchasing multiple evaluations. Send your essays all at once or one at a time.Write your next practice essay (integratedorindependent). Use your own topic or ask us for practice questions.E-mail your completed essay in any format (or share with Google Docs) to TOEFL Resources: essayevaluation@toeflresources.comI will send a response in 48 hours. If you dont see it, remember to check your spam folder.Note for Korean Customers: New banking regulations in Korea make it impossible for you to use PayPal. Send me an email and Ill arrange an easy bank transfer.What will the Line by Line Corrections Look Like?Something like this. Click for a bigger version. What is Everyone Saying About the Service?Writing:30/30, all thanks to Michael: Thank y ou so very much for all your assistance without which I couldnt have scored full marks in writing. Your constant essay improvement tips helped me immensely. Thank you, once again and I am definitely recommending this website to my friends. -Janani, IndiaI had my exam on Nov 16th. My TOEFL results are out today and scored 104.I got 28 in the writing section. I have taken this exam twice and have never scored this much. Michael sir helped me a lot. He corrected my essays and gave tips. They were really helpful. I followed your tips and used to follow them when I practiced and it helped me a lot.THANK YOU FOR YOUR SUPPORT AND GREAT HELP. I had surfed the Internet like hell to get help and for reviews. Im glad at last I found good help.REALLY THANKS A TON -Alekhya, RussiaFinally received my score.Its 29 in writing,28-speaking, 30-reading, 30-listening. I just wanted you to know that the good score in writing is partly because of your help. The essays you reviewed and the suggestions you gave really helped me in paying attention to details in my essays, especially the grammatical mistakes. Wanted to thank you for your help. THANK YOU! -Parvez, PakistanI got 115 in total.R29, L28,S28, W30. Thank you so much for helping me with my writing and speaking! The rules you taught me about writing are especially useful! Thank you so much! -Crystal, JapanMy TOEFL results just came in. My overall score is 114 (R 29; L 29;S 29;W 27).Thank you for your help! I really appreciate it! I am happy you were advising me.I never expected to get such high result, but the materials on your website on Speaking and Writing sections helped me a lot. -Anastasia, Ukraine.Thanks a lot Michael. You might not know this, but you have helped a whole lot of people. Your videos are amazing and your templates helped me greatly. Especially since I studied alone and have no experience. I just received my score (101). I am immensely grateful. You are sublime.Clare 0.

The Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares...

The Transformation of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth, once a noble and courageous warrior is transformed into an egotistical and ruthless tyrant. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth encounters a transformation which brings him the crown, as well as his death. However, this transformation reached the point it did because three motivational factors. Throughout the tragedy the Three Witches (along with the prophecy), Macbeths himself, and Lady Macbeth were motivational factors that manipulated Macbeth into committing murder and treason. Although it is Macbeth who is at blame for his actions, it is these three motivational factors that caused him to complete those actions. If it were not for these†¦show more content†¦Macbeth took the prophecies that he received and turned them into his own personal reassurance: Bring me no more reports. Let them fly all./ Till Birnam Wood remove to Dunsinane/ I cannot taint with fear. Whats the boy Malcolm?/ Was he not born of woman? The spirits that know/ All mortal consequences have pronounced me thus:/ Fear not, Macbeth. No man thats born of woman/ Shall eer have power upon thee (5.3.1-7). Macbeth would develop a false sense of security, which lead him to believe that he was invulnerable. He would act as if his throne could not be threatened and that he had nothing to worry about, when however he was under great danger of being backstabbed by his once loyal friends. Furthermore, Macbeth creates a false sense of mind and forces himself to believe that the words of the Three Witches are true. Macbeths incorrect conclusions formed from the apparitions and his own interpretation of the prophecy, lead to his ruin. Macbeths greatest cause of his destruction was the one he held dearest to him, Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth questions Macbeths manhood in an attempt to manipulate him into doing things that she wants. For instance, when Macbeth is questioning whether or not he should murder Duncan, Lady Macbeth fools Macbeth into thinking about how any real man would commit the murder: What beast was t/ then,/ that made you break this enterprise to me?/ When you durst do it, then youShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Richard IIi906 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare employs a variety of techniques in his plays to show good characters from bad characters; one such technique as the application of deformity or an abnormality manifests itself physically and psychologically with the dramas. The incorporation of a defect, whether it be physically or psychology, reveals flawed characteristics within the said character. Most of these flawed characteristics, though revealed in different situations, share similar problems and consequences. For exampleRead MoreEssay about The Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet646 Words   |  3 PagesThe Transformations of Lady Macbeth and Hamlet In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, we experience a completely different Lady Macbeth at the beginning of the play, than we do as the play unfolds. Lady Macbeth is the perfect example of a character playing a dramatic role reversal. At the beginning of the play, her character was that of a strong, controlling wife, whose goal was to make her husband commit a murder in order to become king. Lady Macbeth ends up going crazy and having a nervousRead MoreEssay on The Globe Theatre and The Elizabethan Audience 1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre in London , where William Shakespeares most famous plays premiered; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Twelfth Night, was built in 1599 in Southwark on the south bank of London’s River Thames by Richard Burbage. It was co-owned by Shakespeare, with a share of 12.5%. The Globe was a large, open-aired, three-tiered theater made out of timber taken from the Theatre-– a former theatre owned by Richard Burbage’s father. The Globe Theatre burned to the groundRead MoreCaptivating Characters in Macbeth and The Crucible1024 Words   |  5 Pages The Captivating Characters in Macbeth and The Crucible nbsp; For a play to meet with success, it is essential that it include a cast of interesting and captivating characters. Without interesting characters, the audience would not only be confused by each unimportant character, but possibly puzzled by the plot, disinterested in the theme and ideas, and worst of all, bored by the entire story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; For instance, in The CrucibleRead More Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth is a story taken from Scottish history and presented to the Scottish king James I. Shakespeare took this gory tale of murderous ambition, however, and transformed it into an imaginative tale of good and evil. Shakespeare brought about this transformation by relying upon â€Å"imaginative verbal vigor† that imbeds itself in the brilliantly concentrated phrases of this literary work. Critics have dubbed it his darkest work, along with King Lear. In his critique of Shakespeare’s worksRead More The Witches in MacBeth Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Witches in MacBeth      Ã‚   Shakespeare utilized many sources of information when writing his plays.   One of his sources for the witches in MacBeth was almost certainly Reginald Scots The Discoverie of Witchcraft, published in 1584.   In his book, Scot refuted many of the common notions regarding witches and their powers; nevertheless, the book created a basic outline for the typical witch, including physical descriptions and abilities.   The witches in MacBeth are representations ofRead MoreEssay about Gender Roles in Macbeth1453 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Macbeth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although written long ago, Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth still has themes relevant for contemporary society.   Murderous ambition, political intrigue, crafty social alliances, the disintegration of marriage – these could be headlines from any daily news program.   It comes as no surprise, then, that we also find a significant number of moments in the play where gender seems to be an issue. More specifically, we might say that Shakespeares dramatic investigationRead MoreEssay on Lady Macbeth: A Dynamic Character1253 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lady Macbeth appears to be the neck that turns the head. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers in history, but he wasn’t recognized until the nineteenth century. He wrote many plays, sonnets, plays, and narrative plays. It was during the sixteenth century that he wrote the tragedy of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth, wife to the protagonist Macbeth, is one of Shakespeareâ€⠄¢s most famous and evil female characters. At the start of the play, Lady Macbeth is ruthlessRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is the ultimate story of a fight between the forces of good and evil. It tells the tale of a tragic hero whose quest for power leads to his ultimate downfall. Macbeth starts out as an honorable warrior but changes when his ambition becomes uncontrollable. As he becomes increasingly paranoid, Macbeth uses violent means to eliminate threats to his Scottish throne. As the play progresses, blood continuously plays a part in the events as the murders become more frequent. William ShakespeareRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prick

The Citizen Genêt Affair of 1793

The new United States federal government had largely managed to avoid serious diplomatic incidents until 1793. And then along came Citizen Genà ªt. Now more infamously known as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt,† Edmond Charles Genà ªt served as France’s foreign minister to the United States from 1793 to 1794. Rather than maintaining friendly relationships between the two nations, Genà ªt’s activities entangled France and the United States in a diplomatic crisis that endangered the United States government’s attempts to remain neutral in the conflict between Great Britain and Revolutionary France. While France ultimately resolved the dispute by removing Genà ªt from his position, the events of the Citizen Genà ªt affair forced the United States to create its first set of procedures governing international neutrality. Citizen Genà ªt Edmond Charles Genà ªt was virtually raised to be a government diplomat. Born in Versailles in 1763, he was the ninth son of a lifelong French civil servant, Edmond Jacques Genà ªt, a head clerk in the ministry of foreign affairs. The elder Genà ªt analyzed British naval strength during the Seven Years War and monitored the progress of the American Revolutionary War. By the age of 12, the young Edmond Genà ªt was considered a prodigy due to his ability to read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, Greek, and German. In 1781, at age 18, Genà ªt was appointed court translator and in 1788 was assigned to the French embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia to serve as ambassador. Genà ªt eventually came to despise all monarchical systems of government, including not only the French monarchy but the Tsarist Russian regime under Catherine the Great, as well. Needless to say, Catherine was offended and in 1792, declared Genà ªt persona non grata, calling his presence â€Å"not only superfluous but even intolerable.† The same year, the anti-monarchist Girondist group rose to power in France and appointed Genà ªt to his post of minister to the United States. Diplomatic Setting of the Citizen Genà ªt Affair During the 1790s, American foreign policy was dominated by the multi-national fallout being generated by the French Revolution. After the violent overthrow of the French monarchy in 1792, the French revolutionary government faced an often-violent colonial power struggle with the monarchies of Great Britain and Spain. In 1793, President George Washington had just appointed former U.S. ambassador to France Thomas Jefferson as America’s first Secretary of State. When the French Revolution led to war between America’s top trade partner Britain and American Revolution ally France, President Washington urged Jefferson, along with the rest of his Cabinet, to maintain a policy of neutrality. However, Jefferson, as leader of the anti-federalist Democratic-Republican Party, sympathized with the French revolutionaries. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, leader of the Federalist Party, favored maintaining existing alliances—and treaties—with Great Britain. Convinced that supporting either Great Britain or France in a war would place the still comparatively weak United States in imminent danger of invasion by foreign armies, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793. It was this setting that the French government sent Genà ªt – one of its most experienced diplomats—to America to seek the U.S. government’s help in protecting its colonies in the Caribbean. As far as the French government was concerned, America could help them as either an active military ally or as a neutral supplier of arms and materials. Genà ªt was also assigned to: Obtain advance payments on debts owed to France by the United States;Negotiate a commercial agreement between the United States and France; andImplement provisions of the 1778 Franco-American treaty allowing France to attack British merchant ships using French ships stationed in American ports. Unfortunately, Genà ªt’s actions in trying to carry out his mission would bring him – and potentially his government—into direct conflict with the U.S. government. Hello, America. I’m Citizen Genà ªt and I’m Here to Help As soon as he stepped off the ship in Charleston, South Carolina on April 8, 1793, Genà ªt introduced himself as â€Å"Citizen Genà ªt† in an effort to emphasize his pro-revolutionary stance. Genà ªt hoped his affection for French revolutionaries would help him win the hearts and minds of Americans who had recently fought their own revolution, with the help of France, of course. The first American heart and mind Genà ªt apparently won belonged to South Carolina governor William Moultrie. Genà ªt convinced Gov. Moultrie to issue privateering commissions that authorized the bearers, regardless of their country of origin, to board and seize British merchant ships and their cargo for their own profit, with the approval and protection of the French government. In May 1793, Genà ªt arrived in Philadelphia, then the U.S. capital. However, when he presented his diplomatic credentials, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told him that President Washington’s Cabinet considered his agreement with Gov. Moultrie sanctioning the operations of foreign privateers in American seaports to be a violation of the U.S. policy of neutrality. Taking more wind from Genà ªt’s sails, the U.S. Government, already holding favorable trade privileges in French ports, refused to negotiate a new trade treaty. Washington’s Cabinet also refused Genà ªt’s request for advance payments on U.S. debts to the French government. Genà ªt Defies Washington Not to be deterred by the U.S. government’s warnings, Genà ªt began outfitting another French pirate ship in Charleston Harbor named the Little Democrat. Defying further warnings from U.S. officials to not allow the ship to leave port, Genà ªt continued to prepare the Little Democrat to sail. Further fanning the flames, Genà ªt threatened to bypass the U.S. government by taking his case for French piracy of British ships to the American people, who he believed would back his cause. However, Genà ªt failed to realize that President Washington—and his international neutrality policy—enjoyed great public popularity. Even as President Washington’s Cabinet was discussing how to convince the French government to recall him, Citizen Genà ªt allowed the Little Democrat to sail and begin attacking British merchant ships. Upon learning of this direct violation of the U.S. government’s neutrality policy, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton asked Secretary of State Jefferson to immediately expel Genà ªt from the United States. Jefferson, however, decided to take the more diplomatic tact of sending a request Genà ªt’s recall to the French government. By the time Jefferson’s request for Genà ªt’s recall reached France, political power within the French government shifted. The radical Jacobins group had replaced the slightly less radical Girondins, who had originally sent Genà ªt to the United States. The foreign policy of the Jacobins favored maintaining friendlier relations with neutral countries that could provide France with crucially needed food. Already unhappy with his failure to fulfill his diplomatic mission and suspecting him of remaining loyal to the Girondins, the French government stripped Genà ªt of his position and demanded that the U.S. government hand him over to French officials sent to replace him. Aware that Genà ªt’s return to France would almost certainly result in his execution, President Washington and Attorney General Edmund Randolph allowed him to remain in the United States. The Citizen Genà ªt affair came to a peaceful end, with Genà ªt himself continuing to reside in the United States until his death in 1834. The Citizen Genà ªt Affair Solidified  US Neutrality Policy In response to the Citizen Genà ªt affair, the United States immediately established a formal policy regarding international neutrality. On August 3, 1793, President Washington’s Cabinet unanimously signed a set of regulations regarding neutrality. Less than a year later, on June 4, 1794, Congress formalized those regulations with its passage of the Neutrality Act of 1794. As the basis for U.S. neutrality policy, the Neutrality Act of 1794 makes it illegal for any American to wage war against any country currently at peace with the United States. In part, the Act declares: â€Å"If any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States begin or set on foot or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise ... against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or state of whom the United States was at peace that person would be guilty of a misdemeanor.† Although amended several times over the years, the Neutrality Act of 1794 remains in force today.

Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies Free Essays

It has been more than five centuries since Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. We know a great deal about Columbus, of course, and about the Europeans and Africans who crossed the Atlantic after him. We know much less about the â€Å"Indians. We will write a custom essay sample on Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies or any similar topic only for you Order Now † as Columbus mistakenly called them?the people already living in America. But we are learning more all the time, so I want to talk about early contacts between Native Americans and newcomers. We now estimate that as many as seven million people were living in North America 500 years ago, and that their ancestors had been on this continent for at least thirteen thousand years. For all this time?hundreds of generations?they had remained isolated from Asia and Africa and Europe, building their own separate world. Over many centuries, these first North Americans developed diverse cultures that were as varied as the landscapes they lived in. And they developed hundreds of different languages. Looking back, what can we say about early encounters between these diverse Native Americans and the strange newcomers who arrived from across the ocean? Let me give you a few things to think about. Remember, first of all, that these Minimal contacts stretched over the entire continent and occurred over several centuries. The encounters were nearly as varied as the people involved. But key issues such as language, belief, technology, and disease arose regularly in different times and places. We may never know exactly about the first contacts from overseas. Long before Columbus, occasional boats may have arrived across the North Pacific from Asia, or across the Atlantic from Africa or Europe. They may have sailed intentionally or drifted by mistake. But such encounters were brief. So was the encounter with Norse Vikings. They visited Newfoundland in Canada about 1,000 years ago?nearly 500 years before Columbus. Their little colony of 160 people was short-lived. We know from sagas (family stories passed down orally across generations) that local Inhabitants attacked the Norse settlers, forcing them to retreat to Greenland after several years. In contrast, the newcomers who followed Columbus after 1492 proved far more numerous and more willing to stay. Though few In numbers at first, these European strangers brought supplies and then enforcements from across the sea. Now, imagine that you are one of those newcomers, approaching my small portion of North America for the first time. As Native American, I have diverse friends and enemies living all around me, and because I engage in trade I am used to encounters with strangers who do not speak my language. But you are different in various ways, and I have probably already heard rumors about you?some true and some false? from neighbors who have seen your ships. And believe me, your ships are a big surprise. My people live near the ocean, and we understand boats. But when we addle out to observe you, we are Impressed by the size of your ship, with Its tall masts. On the East Coast, I greet you from a birch-bark canoe or a dugout canoe. Indians are small. If you enter Upset Sound, the cypress canoes of the Northwest Coast Indians are much larger. Maybe you are Russian fur-hunters reaching Alaska. If so, you are amazed at my light, quick kayak. If you are the English explorer James Cook approaching Hawaii for the first time, you are struck to see our outrigger canoes and surf boards. One way or another, we can push off from the beach or the river mouth and visit your ocean-going vessel. But it is strange for us; you needed iron tools to create this ship, huge sheets of cloth to make it sail, and navigational charts to find your way. We have none of these. On the other hand, you are totally ignorant of our home waters. It is no secret that along Florist’s coast and North Carolina’s Outer Banks, Native Americans often found European shipwrecks. We Indians know ?and we may be willing to tell you?which anchoring spots give protection from storms. We know the local streams and which house sites might flood in springtime. We know where there is fresh water?which you probably need after weeks at sea? ND we know sources of food for every time of year. The Indians in New England, watching the Pilgrims starve at Plymouth, showed them how to locate clams in the mudflats at low tide, how to trap fish, how to plant corn, and how to hunt strange, tasty birds called turkeys. But not all first encounters occurred near the coast. Before the middle of the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers were marching inland so far and so fast that rumors of their arrival scarcely had time to precede them. In the 1 sass, Native peoples living in the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas ere surprised by the fierce invasion of Despot and his army. At the same time, Indians further west on the Great Plains experienced the sudden arrival of Coronal’s force, traveling from New Mexico on horseback in search of sudden wealth. In these two instances, and in many later confrontations, Europeans reacted at first with disappointment, frustration, and violence. The new environment seemed strange and dangerous; local people did not fit European hopes and expectations. For Native Americans, the most serious outcome of initial encounters, whether near he ocean or far inland, was the arrival of contagious diseases?unfamiliar sicknesses that they had never experienced. Again and again, foreign newcomers brought deadly illnesses with them. Three hundred years would elapse between the early Spanish explorations and the forced removal of Native Americans from much of the expanding United States in the asses. That is a huge stretch of time, and the encounters between Indians and non-landing varied widely across those three centuries. Gradually, especially in the East, Non-landing gained the upper hand in terms of sheer numbers. Some general estimates regarding the southeast, from Virginia to East Texas, illustrate this point. In 1700, four out of five persons in the entire region were Indians. But by 1800, Indian numbers had declined and the European and African population had risen so fast that scarcely one person in thirty was a Native American. If sickness and death moved unevenly in one direction, from non-landing to Indian, Christianity moved in the same direction. Many of the earliest encounters involved missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who worked energetically to convert Native Americans to their Christian faith. In New England, the Reverend John Eliot spent years translating the Bible into the Massachusetts language, and in 1663 he printed 1000 copies to be used by converts known as efforts often met with fierce resistance. In the Southwest, Catholic priests and missionaries accompanied the earliest Spanish settlers in New Mexico, and efforts began around 1600 to suppress the Pueblo religion with harsh punishments. But Pueblo leaders fought back. In the successful â€Å"Pueblo Revolt† of 1680, Indian rebels expelled the Spanish colonizers. The Pueblos attacked missionaries, burned churches, and punished Christian converts. While the Christian religion and the strange new diseases moved in one direction, education and trade moved in two directions. Let’s take education first. Europeans were a literate society; many could write letters and read books. In America they began to share this powerful tool through schools. In the seventeenth century, Harvard build a separate Indian college on its campus. In the eighteenth century, Dartmouth College in New Hampshire emphasized Native American education, at least for a few. But at the same time, Indians who understood the American land and the natural world offered education to the newcomers. They were constantly explaining matters of geography, climate, and food. They knew when to plant and harvest crops, when fish were plentiful in certain streams, when the abundant oak trees dropped their acorns. Then knew which plants were edible, and how to track game. Gradually they shared their knowledge with newcomers. In Louisiana, white settlers often sent a young son to live among the local Indians to learn their language and pave the way for future trade. Trading, like education, was a two-way street. From the start, Europeans were scouring the land for items they could ship home and sell at a profit. Precious metals or spices would be best, but they saw few signs of these items. What they found instead was fur. In the Southeast, the soft hides of whitetail deer could be scraped and packed and shipped to Europe to make aprons and gloves. In New England and Canada, the pelts of beaver could be sent across the Atlantic to hat makers for the creation of fashionable beaver hats. Along the Northwest Coast, Russian traders obtained the valuable pelts of sea otters, which they could trade to the Chinese for spices and tea. More often than not, it was the Native Americans who hunted the animals and processed the pelts for shipment abroad. But if people in Europe and Asia were eager for North American furs of all sorts, Native Americans were equally eager for unfamiliar trade items from Europe. Indians exchanged hides and pelts for woolen blankets and coats, yards of cloth and ribbons, supplies of buttons, beads, and thread. Metal items of all kinds represented new and dramatic improvements in a world where utensils were shaped slowly from wood and rocks and clay. Metal knives and needles had obvious appeal. Metal pots, though heavy, were more durable and more versatile than clay pots. Besides, if they were poorly made and sprung leaks, they could be broken into pieces to be shaped into sharp arrowheads. When Dutch traders moved up the Hudson River to barter with the Indians for furs, the Mohawk called them â€Å"Kristin,† meaning â€Å"metal makers. Iron axes and hatchets were especially desirable. Native Americans knew how to kill trees by peeling off layers of bark. They could fell them by slowly burning away the base. But a durable metal axe made it possible to shape wood rapidly, whether building a house, carving a totem pole, or hollowing a dugout canoe. Various kinds of rum and spirits also figured early and often in the trade. Hard liquor gave European traders an person consuming alcohol also became less alert?more subject to an unfair trade or a robbery. Two other unfamiliar items?the gun and the horse?swept across North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth century as a result of trade between Indians and non-landing. Laws passed in Spain prohibited Spanish colonists in the Southwest from trading guns to Indians. So guns moved steadily westward instead, purchased from the French and Dutch and English in the East. Once a tribe acquired guns through the fur trade, neighboring tribes worked desperately to acquire similar weapons, or else they risked being defeated in war or outdone as hunters and fur traders. The horse, reintroduced into North America by the Spanish in the Southwest, moved in the opposite direction, After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, horses spread north and east across the Great Plains?traded from one nation to another, or stolen in order to gain new mobility and power. A map shows clearly how the horse frontier and the gun frontier pushed in opposite directions. During the 18th century, tribes such as the Sioux on the Northern Plains and the Comanche on the Southern Plains gained access to both guns and horses, giving their cultures great power. For a long time, these complex exchanges proved mutually beneficial. Both Indians and non- Indians felt they were gaining valuable benefits from trade. But eventually, major changes undercut and ended this beneficial and agreeable trade. For one thing, the non-landing population continued to grow, while the Indian numbers declined sharply as a result of warfare and disease. But even more importantly, European newcomers sired Indian land even more than they wanted peaceful trade. Soon, land itself became an item of trade, and land that could not be bought was taken by force. Gradually, we are learning more about early contacts between Indians and non- Indians, and the way these relationships changed over time. The contacts were numerous and varied. They took a different shape in every part of the continent, depending upon which Indian cultures lived there and which foreigners first invaded their land. At first, these contacts were often mutually beneficial, as strangers learned from, and traded with, one another. But later, sickness, warfare, and crushing demands for land changed these connections. Contacts became more lopsided and destructive, through long chapters of our history. So, from now on, I hope that any time you see a horse or a rifle or a metal pot or a colorful ribbon you will think about these early contacts between Native Americans who had lived here for untold generations and newcomers who have been here scarcely five centuries. After all, these varied connections are a rich and forgotten part of our shared heritage here in North America. Thanks for Joining me. How to cite Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies, Papers

System Life Cycle Processes and Activities-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Define what a Methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2.Familiarise yourselves with the various methodologies in the list below. Choose two Methodologies from this list to Compare and Contrast, analysing the similarities and differences between them both. List of project methodologies and processes Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) PRINCE2 SDLC Waterfall Agile 3. Finally, identify how your chosen Methodologies and Processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC). Answers: 1.The methodology is a model that is for employing the designing, planning, implementation and for the proper achievement of the project. They are mainly set to define about the different perspectives where it is possible to easily build and employ the technology that has been for catering the needs of the project spanned in the different business zones. The methodology is important because: The adaptive project framework works with the time and cost that is constant for the project. It includes the execution of the project to adjust with the maximum business value. Agile Software Development where the project need to work on agility of requirements. Through this, there are certain short term cycles with the dynamic culture of the team. The dynamic systems development method is important for the training and supporting of the methodology. (Macombe et al., 2013). 2.SDLC: This is considered as one of the best conceptual model for the software development of the projects. Here, the possibility is mainly to combine with the projects and the methodology for the better outcome. The emphasis is on the outcome with the documentation use that has to follow some strict guidelines. This includes the system engineering process for planning, creating, testing and then deploying the information system. Here, the concepts apply to the hardware and the software configurations where the system could easily work for building, testing and delivering a proper information system. (Kerzner, 2013). The high-quality systems include the proper delivery of information which is based on the customer requirements. The service oriented form is mainly to link with the traditional systems and include the waterfall, spiral and Agile software development. Waterfall: This works on the sequential designing process which is for the software development where there is a flow done in a steady manner downwards through the use of planning, production, implementation and maintenance. The model also works with the construction and the manufacturing industries where there is highly structured environment to handle the software development. The clients do not require with the working over the software with changing requirements that lead to the redesigning, redevelopment and the testing with increased costs. The designers work on the modified waterfall models with introduction to the agile software development which is considered as an ineffective process for developing the software. The designing and document methodology is based on the project patterns with the focus on handling the structured model. (Stark, 2015) 3.Waterfall Model: This focus of the project lifecycle is based on; a. the system and the software requirements which includes the capturing of the product requirement documents. Analysis is based on the results in model, with schema and the business rules. Designing results in the software architecture. (Walden et al., 2015). Coding works with the development, proving and working on the software integration. Testing works with the debugging of defects and setting the operations which are important for the installation, migration and setting the maintenance of the system SDLC Phases This works with the: Initiation that needs to work on identifying the opportunities and the concept proposal is also required for this. The system concept and development properly defines the scope and the boundaries of the concepts. They include the system boundary document, with certain cost benefit analysis and the risks management plan. The planning is through the development of project management with the documents provided based on the needs. The requirement analysis and design is for check the requirements of the user and working on the transformation of the detailed patterns into complete system. This focus on working with the required functionality. The development, integration and testing is to covert the design to information system, which also includes the installation of the system environment and then creating all the testing database which is for preparing the test case procedures with proper coding and compilation. (Kerzner, 2013). The implementation, operations and the maintenance is important for checking on the system production, with the post implementation and in-process reviews as well. The disposition describes the end of system activities. References Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Macombe, C., Leskinen, P., Feschet, P., Antikainen, R. (2013). Social life cycle assessment of biodiesel production at three levels: a literature review and development needs.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 205-216. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., Shortell, T. M. (Eds.). (2015).Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. Wile

Art Fakes and Forgeries Essay Example

Art Fakes and Forgeries Essay Example Art Fakes and Forgeries Paper Art Fakes and Forgeries Paper Essay Topic: F for Fake The two essays, â€Å"What is Wrong with a Forgery,† by Alfred Lessing and â€Å"Artistic Crimes,† by Denis Dutton, explore the different reasons that they give negative connotation to the concept of an artistic forgery. Each author concludes that a forgery is indeed wrongful, however their reasons for this conclusion differ in several distinct ways. This essay will summarize both authors’ main points and compare and contrast the fundamental differences of their arguments. Lessing begins â€Å"What is Wrong with a Forgery† by establishing that forgeries are not void of aesthetic value. In fact, he states that a clear distinction must be made between the qualities that make a piece of art aesthetically pleasing and the non-aesthetic qualities that art critics consider when analyzing a piece. The concept of a forgery, he says, is purely non-aesthetic and should not be used to describe the beauty of a piece. To further illustrate this point and later points in his essay, Lessing introduces the case of the Johannes Vermeer fakes done by Hans van Meegeren. The painting The Disciples was thought to be a Vermeer masterpiece for 7 years until van Meegeren revealed that he had actually done the painting and misrepresented it as Vermeer’s. Lessing says, â€Å"The fact that The Disciples is a forgery is just that, a fact. It is a fact about the painting which stands entirely apart from it as an object for aesthetic contemplation. The knowledge of this fact can neither add anything to nor subtract anything from the aesthetic experience. Here Lessing establishes that his problem with the forgery does not lie within the aesthetic value of the art, so he introduces what he believes to be the real problem with a forgery: that it is an offense against what he calls â€Å"the spirit of the art,† and he contends that a forgery, such as The Disciples, â€Å"lacks artistic integrity. † To further illustrate this he considers that the concept of forgery cannot be applied to the performing arts, a concept which Dutton refuses to ac cept in his essay, which we will explore later. Lessing uses this concept to draw a distinction between creativity or originality and reproduction or technique. Technique, he says is public, it is something anyone can possess or learn, while originality or creativity is a deeper concept to explore. Both qualities in perfect balance, he asserts, are necessary to create a great work of art. Lessing says forgery is in the concept of originality and not technique stating, â€Å"forgery is a concept that can be made meaningful only by reference to the concept of originality, and hence only to art viewed as a creative, not as a reproductive or technical, activity. The element of performance or technique in art cannot be an object for forgery because technique is not the kind of thing that can be forged. Technique is, as it were, public. † In the Vermeer case, it is not the technique that was forged but his discovery of it; his originality in its use. Lessing further defines his view of artistic originality and its importance. He contends that true artistic originality comes from the impact on the history and progression of art. Vermeer, he says was a great artist because he brought new and original technique and style to the artistic community and profoundly impacted art history. The ability to produce aesthetically beautiful pieces of art is not all that makes a great artist, but it is this originality or â€Å"the fact that [Vermeer] painted certain pictures in a certain manner at a certain time in the history and development of art. † Van Meegeren did not possess this, he only had the technique to reproduce Vermeer’s originality. Lessing concludes with the assertion that since van Meegeren’s painting is aesthetically beautiful it is actually shows what a great artist Vermeer was. It is a testament to the original genius of Vermeer’s style and technique brought about in the 17th century. In Dutton’s essay, â€Å"Artistic Crimes† he, like Lessing, agrees that the intrinsic aesthetic properties of a work of art are not changed by the revelation that the piece is actually a forgery. Dutton’s stance on the issue of why a forgery is wrong differs most from Lessing’s in that he argues that there can be no distinction between creative and performing art. In Dutton’s opinion, every work of art involves some element of performance. The difference is whether we perceive the moment of performance or if we only see the end product of the performance. Regardless, this performance must be considered in appreciating a work of art. A performance he says represents a sense of accomplishment or achievement. Dutton states, â€Å"As performances, works of art represent the ways in which artists solve problems, overcome obstacles, make do with available materials. † This is an aspect of a piece that cannot be ignored when fully appreciating its artistic value. Dutton’s main problem with forgery then is not the lack of originality that Lessing speaks of, but that a forgery misrepresents achievement. In the van Meegeren case, for example, the problem is in that it was a much greater achievement for Vermeer to paint his masterpieces during the 17th century with the resources and technology at that time, than it is for van Meegeren to paint the same way in the 20th century with many more resources available. Another difference between Lessing and Dutton’s argument is that Dutton believes that a forgery does have originality and this is not its problem. Lessing believes that this lack of originality is the fundamental problem with the forgery, but Dutton states, â€Å"even forgeries – those putative paradigm cases of unoriginal effort – can have strikingly original aspects. † He goes on further to say that the van Meegerens are actually original van Meegerens, an original performance by van Meegeren was misrepresented as a Vermeer performance. Here, he asserts, is the misrepresentation of achievement that is the problem with a forgery. Dutton reiterates that the knowledge of the origin of a work and the artistic achievement that the piece represents is crucial to appreciating a work of art. The â€Å"aesthetic experience† that Lessing speaks of in his essay, Dutton discredits stating, â€Å"The encounter with a work of art does not consist in merely hearing a succession of pretty sounds or seeing an assemblage of pleasing shapes and colors. † The artistic experience he asserts is much more complex than that and when the performance that led to a piece of art is misrepresented the achievement that the art represents is misrepresented. To learn this fact changes the entire artistic experience when appreciating all aspects of the piece including the performance that led to its existence. Both Lessing and Dutton agree that the aesthetics of a piece are not altered by the acquired knowledge that it is a forgery. Where the two authors differ is in their concept of experiencing art. Dutton discredits Lessing’s belief in a purely aesthetic experience, believing that there are many more aspects involved in the artistic experience than pure aesthetics. The authors’ other key disagreement is in Lessing’s distinction between performing and creative art, saying that a forgery only exists in the creative aspect and the lack of originality in style and technique is where the forgery is wrong. However, Dutton disagrees, asserting that every piece of art involves a performance and this misrepresented performance misrepresents achievement. This is Lessing’s problem with a forgery because the achievement of the artist must be considered during any artistic experience.

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery essays

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery essays Rosa Louise Parks was born Rosa McCauley on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. She was named after her grandmother, Rose Percival. Rosa was raised by her mother, Leona Edward McCauley, on her grandparents farm at Pine Level, a small community outside Montgomery. Rosa received her primary education in a segregated rural school. In 1924 she enrolled at the private Montgomery Industrial School for Girls known as Miss Whites School. It was so named after its principal and cofounder, Alice L. White. All the students were African-Americans, and all the teachers were white women from the North. She married Raymond Parks and began living in Montgomery, Alabama in 1932. In Montgomery, Rosa and Raymond learned about the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP worked to help black people gain their civil rights. In 1943, Rosa joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She was elected its secretary and assisted the chapters president, Mr. E.D. Nixon. Rosa and Raymond devoted much of their time and energy to the organization. One cause they felt strongly about was the right to vote. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. When asked to move to let a white bus rider be seated, she refused. She did not argue, and she did not move. The police were called, and Mrs. Parks was arrested. There were 36 seats on each bus operated by Montgomery City Lines, Inc.. The 10 seats in the front were reserved for whites only. Even if there were no whites on the bus, blacks could not sit in the front seats. Instead they had to sit in the last 10 seats of the bus. The bus drivers could choose which passengers sat in the 16 seats in the middle. Blacks could take the seats only if no whites wanted them. Mrs. Parks action led to the Montgomery bus strike, which was the first large scale, organized protest ag...

Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency Research Paper

Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency - Research Paper Example However, the agency has a third directorate that is the Management and Administration. The Directorate roles are the issuance of professional mission support and management for the agency to meet its goals. The Enforcement and Removal Operations role is enforcing the United States immigration laws in an effective and fair manner. It, therefore, identifies and arrests removable aliens. Furthermore, they can either detain or remove the illegal immigrants in the country where necessary. The directorate’s priority is to apprehend, arrest, and remove convicted criminals that are deemed as a national security threat. They also deal with the border entrants, fugitives, and those seeking asylum in the United States. Homeland Security Investigations directorates role is to investigate the activities that arise due to illegal movement of good and people out, into, or within the United States. The activities to be investigated can either be international or domestic. Lastly, the Manageme nt and Administration Directorate is made of professional staff and managers whose role is to ensure that the agency meets it set goals. Â  The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency are multi-faceted thus addressing several issues in a go. Its work is not limited to law enforcement of immigration issues. In explanation, the customs enforcement takes a significant share of the agency’s budget. The agency, therefore, does not deal only with immigration but also the customs services that include the entry at the ports, enforcement of the intellectual property, investigating of child pornography issues, and international suppression of gangs (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement). The agency also plays other roles like eliminating human trafficking, conducting cargo inspection, returning the found stolen- antiquities, and interdicting weapons, drugs, bulk cash, and other smuggled substances. Â  

Dada Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dada Movement - Essay Example Political affiliations played a conclusive and directive role in the art movements of the times. It was held to be an inviolable rule that the art aught to spring out from the human desperation for assigning some black and white meaning to life and must hence be meaningful and conventional. Elaborate philosophies were built around art movements and art evolved into a highly institutionalized form of self expression. Bourgeois ideas of taste and decorum dominated the art world and artists used to work with a coveting eye on the market value of their art. There was set a standard of beauty and taste and the art was strictly expected to cater to such calibrated specifications. The artistic urge for experimentation had been diluted and subdued over the years and the art was turning out to be a very predictable and complacent aspect of life. Then we had the World War I that mercilessly exposed the sense of waste and nihilism embedded deep in the Western consciousness. The unrestrained violence and mayhem that embodied the spirits of the times gave way to a sense of disillusionment with the established standards of meaning and value. The sacrosanct and well entrenched ideas about ethics and norms simply crumpled before the carnage let loose by the till now invisible human affiliation with violence and rage. The cardinal quest for imbuing life with some sort of meaning and purpose, now seemed to be irrelevant and unrealistically ambitious and arrogant. The set standards of beauty and good taste turned out to be a superficial and artificial faade that simply faded away before the corrosive impact of times and underneath it emerged a scenario dominated by frustration, disappointment and a pathetic loss of hope. I believe that this moment in the European history represented a unique aspect of human consciousness that was the hallmark of those times. Such a frustrated state of human psyche desperately yearned for some sort of artistic expression and release and Dada movement symbolized the human endeavor to give some discernable form to this human obsession with waste and confusion My main objective behind writing this paper is to somehow analyze the genesis and relevance of Dada movement with the local and international communication communities. The world today is as much in danger of being gagged and benumbed by a sense of stagnation and inertia as it was in the times that led to the flowering of Dada movement. Such a crisis gives way to a plethora of queries pertaining to Dada movement. Was Dada movement just a fluke unleashed by the circumstantial desperation or was it a phenomenon built around authentic and desirable aspirations Does Dada movement have any meaning and relevance for the contemporary art lovers Above all, will Dada art succeed in soliciting the reverence and attention from the contemporary connoisseurs or will it unceremoniously succumb to a looming apathy and aversion, which was its fate in the days of the yore. It is said that history repeats itself and much to my surprise, I have discovered that that the contemporary

Men in the female dominated nursing profession

Men in the female dominated nursing profession The existing literature in nursing reviewed, and is mostly based on the reason for the shortage of men in nursing, and their experiences in a female dominated profession. Most of the articles obtained in this literature review were from the databases of Pub-Med, MEDLINE, Elsevier, Bio Med Central, SAGE pub, and Google Scholar. The key search words were caring, gender, men, nurses, nursing, stereotypes, non-traditional jobs, and advantages. The data obtained for this literature review span from 1964 to 2010. Little is it known about the experiences of men in nursing in Malta. However, Mr. Joseph Camilleri (1964) wrote about History of nursing in Malta stating that the knights themselves performed the nursing care exclusively, to the same gender. The literature review presented is aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages that male nurses experience while performing their caring roles in nursing. 2.2 Difficulties male nurses encounter in a traditionally female profession 2.2.1 Introduction Nursing became predominately a female profession in the late 19th century. Though Florence Nightingale made major contributions in the nursing profession, she was greatly involved in excluding men from this profession by affirming that nursing was a discipline for female. She did work hard in establishing nursing as a laudable profession for respectable women, ignoring the past indispensable contributions made by men (Black and Germaine-Warner, 1995). Nightingale saw the males task restricted to physical jobs like moving or lifting patients and never appreciated their caring task. Besides, the Industrial Revolution largely influenced the way out of men from caring professions, such as nursing. During this period, the widely acknowledged professions for men were business, technology and science. Men pursued medicine and women pursued nursing (Black and Germaine-Warner, 1995). Men entering the nursing profession cross the conventional lines of gender. As a result, their masculinity becomes an issue. Over time, masculinity has been defined by the roles men perform (Connell, 1995). The concept, notion or idea of masculinity deters men from entering women-dominated professions, such as nursing, but men are silent on the entry of women in the mens traditional professions, such as medicine and technology. Williams (1995), Table 2.1 conducted in-depth interviews with 76 men and 23 female who work in predominantly female professions as social workers, elementary school teachers, nurses, and librarians. Through deft interpretation of her interviewees words, it was found that male nurses and those in other female-conquered fields frequently emphasize their masculinity and try as much as possible to avoid socializing with their women colleagues. This is argued by Williams as the only way of legitimising their working in the womens conventional professions. An exploratory study, conducted by Heikes (1991),Table 2.1 based on in-depth interviews with fifteen male nurses, showed that male nurses saw themselves in the abnormal position of belonging to two very dissimilar groups. For instance, in the nursing profession, men are taken as a minority group tagged as male nurse, whilst in a broader society, men fit in the dominant social group where they are expected to be successful and excelling in their profession. Male nurses are therefore a unique type of minority group in the sense that they are either a minority of the principal social faction or minority of majority. This disparity in grouping (minority-majority) stresses and discriminates men in nursing more than other tokens. Furthermore, the study indicates that many of the disadvantages male nurses experience (e.g., homosexual stigma, gender stereotypes) originate from outside of the nursing profession (Heikes, 1991, p.398). According to theoretical research of the literature, carried out by Evans (2004), Table 2.1, a man associated with the nursing profession compromises his reputation plus social status in patriarchal culture. Also, male nurses experience the stigma of working in a female-dominated profession, and they are seen by society as challenging the conventional roles of men (Lammi and Kauppinen-Toropainen, 1993). Evans argues (1997,p.228), citing Mangan (1994), that stigmatising labels imply that men who do nursing are different from other men, isolating them as deviants who are odd or homosexual. Furthermore, while analysing the data from semi-structured interviews with eight men nurses on their experiences in nursing, Evans (2002) noted that the male nurses are exposed to rejection and suspicion as nurturers and caregivers due to the perception that men and women caring styles were not the same. Touch was one expression of caring that all participants identified as central, to their practice as nurses, and potentially dangerous because it can be misinterpret, which makes them vulnerable caregivers. Similarly, men in nursing are likely to be labelled gay. Pringle (1993) asserted that any feminised profession is believed to attract homosexual men, be it fashion, hairdressing, or even nursing. A study link appears to be drawn between sexual preferences and gender. Savage (1987) suggested that a male nurse is always tagged with a predominant image of being homosexual. He further supported this suggestion by asserting that men entering the nursing profession have purportedly failed in other manhood professions and that the only opening for them remains in the womens world. Harding, (2007), Table, 2.1 in the social constructionist study conducted among 18 New Zealand men employed in general nursing found that majority of men in nursing are heterosexual. However, public perception is still that most male nurses are gay. This stereotype persists only in general nursing because it was constructed as feminine and abnormal for men, whereas psychiatric nursing was constructed as normal for men (Harding, 2007, p.641) Male nurses are believed to be further weakened, emasculated or ineffectual by resorting on womens traditional jobs in which they are anticipated to exhibit feminine qualities, such as being gentle, caring and subordinate to women. Thus, labelling of men in the nursing profession as homosexuals makes them feel remorseful, outcast and discouraged. Pringle (2002) asserted that in most cultures, male homosexuality is seen as an infringement of masculinity and a denigration of mens mythical power. He further asserted that as homosexuality nibbles at masculinity, it deteriorates the gender order. As earlier mentioned, up to this very moment nursing is extremely dominated by women and this translates to a number of personal and professional challenges to men entering the field. For example, several male nurses have reported about physicians and head nurses placing less trust in them. Besides, male nursing students encounter discrimination from physicians, practicing nurses and the general public (Kelly et al., 1996). Female nurses frequently request male colleagues for assistance in turning and lifting patients, thereby emphasising physical strength and not professional expertise. It is all very frequent for male nurses or students to find themselves unwanted in delivery rooms, prenatal clinics and other related settings that male physicians have liberated access (Black and Germaine-Warner, 1995). Another difficult issue male nurses or students encounter is a mistrust emanating from their patients. Literature has it that a considerable number of patients become so violent or hostile in the presence of a male nurse and will be uncomfortable submitting to intimate medical procedures. This is a difficult position to encounter, and several male nurses usually become frustrated when patients are not willing to confide in them because of fear or underserved disrespect (Fisher, 1999). Also, mounting study indicates that men in female-dominated careers, such as catering, nursing and fashion, encounter gender bias, elevated rates of job linked to stress as well as job discrimination (Amour, 2003). Table 2.1 The distribution of studies regarding the difficulties male nurses encounter in traditionally female profession Author/s and setting Sample and sampling method Research design/Instrument Significant findings Evans, J. (2004), Canada à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Theoretical research of literature review on men nurses in Canada, Britain U.S.A. between 1900 and 2003. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Statistics, CINHAL, Pub Med, and Sociological Abstract databases à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Failure to recognize mens participation in nursing leaves male nurses without historical background, almost invisible; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Gender boundaries are negotiable during wars and acute nursing shortage, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Men in nursing tend to choose areas of specialization that are more masculine, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Mens career path takes on traditional masculine role that seeks power and influence Evans,J .(2002), Canada à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢8 male nurses from community health nursing, medical-surgical, and general duty nursing, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢6 married, 1 with partner, and 1 gay; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Age from late 20s to mid 50s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Two rounds of semi-structured interviews à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The stereotype of men as sexual aggressors is compounded by the stereotype that men nurses are gay, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢These stereotypes sexualise men nurses touch, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Men nurses are subject of accusation of inappropriate behaviour Harding,T. (2007), Norway à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Discourse analysis of data from existing texts, and 2 films on men, nursing and masculinity, and interviews conducted in 2003-2004, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢18 participants, 11 self-identified as gay, 6 heterosexual, and 1 no information on sexuality, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The workplace included clinical nursing, education, administration, midwifery, mental health and armed forces à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Purposive and snow ball sampling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Loosely structured interviews with broad, open-ended questions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Three themes emerged which characterized the participants experiences: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Persistence of the stereotype of the gay male nurse, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Meeting homophobia in the work place, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Strategies to protect ones homosexuality like working as psychiatric nurses. Heikes, J. (1991), U.S.A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 15 male RNs from nine different hospitals in Austin, Texas; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Age range 26-43 years; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Working experience ranged from 1-14 years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢In-dept interviews based on interview questions about the concrete work experiences, and non-work interactions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Four role stereotypes emerged from the data: Ladder-climber, Troublemaker, and He-man, traditionally masculine traits, and homosexual, which is imposed on male nurses from the outside; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Male tokens are expected to excel in the occupational or public sphere; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Respondents reported social isolation in order to maintain higher status and to reduce the possibility of them being labelled un masculine or homosexual. Williams,C. (1995), U.S.A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢76 men and 23 women in four occupations: nursing, librarian, elementary school teacher, and social worker; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢From 1985-1991 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Snowball sampling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Age range from 20-66 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢In-dept interview, with the interview questionnaire consisted of several open ended four broad questions on motivation to enter the profession, experience in training, career progression, and general about mens status. (p.229) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Face to face interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cultural and social stereotypes about masculinity pressure men to raise in a glass escalator to the highest paid and most prestigious nursing specialities; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Men encouraged to advance by an invisible pressure; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Men develop strategies to present themselves as masculine, and superior to female colleagues 2.3 Advantages and disadvantages perceived in males nursing career 2.2.1 Introduction Male nurses belong to a minority group. Approximately 3.1 percent of nurses in Canada and the United States are male, about 8.77 percent in the United Kingdom, (Rott, et.al (2008), and in Malta 28 percent (Council for nurses and midwifes, 2010). According to Evans (1997), Table 2.2, women working in mens traditional professions normally encounter hostile working environment. However, men working in female-dominated professions may never encounter such disadvantages. That said, the focal rationale for drawing men to nursing is to enhance the status and the prestige of the profession as a whole. It remains debatable whether this will really work or not. Several researchers and scholars have argued that the rationale puts a noteworthy pressure on men to salvage the nursing profession, whereas others believe that allowing men in the profession merely raises the position of masculine gender in the society (Evans, 1997). Male as well encompass an advantage in the nursing profession due to traditional stereotype that men are always the breadwinners of the families. In most societies, women usually take primary tasks for childcare and housework, giving men a distinct benefit. For instance, there is a devastating perception in the United States and most Anglo-Saxon world that women are less devoted to their work than men. This is largely due to the unfair division of labour inside the household. As such, even in female professions, men remain with this unequal advantage over women (Williams, 1995). In addition to, Abrahamsen (2004), Table 2.2, argues when men obtain leading positions more often than women, this can be result of favourism of men (p.35). A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive study ,conducted over twenty years, in order to identify constructions of masculinity, and career development, showed that twenty years after graduation, ,70% of male nurses were in the leadership position, and away from somatic wards. They moved to a sector which offered better income , which suggests that salary is important when male nurses move within different parts of the healthcare sector ( Abrahamsen, 2004). Additionally, the major functions in nursing accentuate technical knowledge, leadership and devotion to work, all these are perceived as being masculine traits. Consideration to detail and showing of emotions that are usually characteristics of females are not credited as good skills of leadership. What is more, male nurses are more social with doctors than their female counterparts. Since men feel they lack much in common with their female counterparts, they prefer talking about vehicles and sports with other men, especially male doctors. This in itself provides advantages for career projections, as doctors begin to appreciate male nurses as being competent just like their women colleagues (Bush, 1976). The transversal study of Dassen, T., Nijhuis,J.N. Philipsen, H. (1990), Table 2.2 which was based on a National Survey among intensive-care (IC) nurses in The Netherlands, showed that male IC-unit nurses consider IC-nursing to be a medical rather than a nursing activity in order to upgrade their own profession into a kind of medical profession. Due to an over-representation of men in technical wards, distribution of labour among male and female nurses is taking place according to traditional sex -specific patterns where male nurses stand a better chance of being promoted to higher positions. In addition, the study revealed that 50% of male nurses wish to become head of a nursing ward which proves that male nurses are more oriented towards profesionalization than female nurses. On the other hand, Kanters (1977) notion of tokenism supposed that the numerical underrepresentation of individuals in an occupation, particularly those classified by gender, ethnicity or race, will lead to discriminatory treatment. Therefore, for all minority groups, a given profession will always experience negative job impacts. According to Kanter, members of minority group are likely to achieve less in the working environment than members of the majority group. However, Williams (1995) contravened that when men are seen as minority group in the nursing profession, they normally use their dominant gender privilege to rapidly rise to the topmost hierarchy (Saville-Smith and James, 1994). Conversely, nursing is seen by several people as a feminine profession and is therefore devalued in male-conquered patriarchal society. This profession is always stereotyped as having the characteristics of caring, nurturing, submission and dependence. These traits accredited to nursing contrast with the alleged male characteristics of dominance, aggression and strength and thus male nurses usually isolate themselves from their female nurses as a way of expressing the notion of masculinity (Heikes, 1991). Moreover, when an individual forms an identity which is incompatible with the expectations of the society, people usually become uncomfortable and uncertain on how to behave. In most societies all over the world, nurses are perceived as women, and thus it is quite difficult for individuals to know how to interrelate with male nurses. They find it too unusual why a man would decide on a career dominated by a recessive sex. This is a major disadvantage to men in nursing and most of th em are indeed deterred from the profession by assuming that other individuals will see them as unmanly (Bagilhole and Cross, 2002). Table 2.2 The distribution of studies regarding the advantages and disadvantages perceived in males nursing career Author/s and setting Sample and sampling method Research design/ Instrument Significant findings Abrahamsen, D. (2004) Norway à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1450 male and female nurses who completed training in 1977 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Norwegian survey of nurses undertaken at the end of 1998 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢After a year from graduating, 10% of male and female, both were in leadership position, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢After twenty years later, 70% of men were in leading position away from somatic wards and bed-ridden patients, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Better income was moved male nurses within different parts of the healthcare system. Dassen,T.W.N.et.al., (1990) The Netherlands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1960 male and female nurses, data borrowed from the Intensive Care Association, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 960 returned the forms by post, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢R.R.49% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Survey, questionnaire sent by post; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢There is an over-presentation of men in technical wards, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢10% of the male nurses reported having chosen to work in an IC-unit, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢50% of the male nurses wish to become head of a nursing ward compared to only 15% of female nurses. Evans,J. (1997) Canada à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Theoretical literature review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Not stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Even in the female dominated profession , patriarchal society enables men to obtain dominant position, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marital status for men has significant career advantage, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Men nurses have more university degrees compared to women nurses, 2.4 Why men choose nursing as a career 2.4.1 Introduction Most men choose nursing for the similar reasons women choose nursing. They are goaded by the desire to care for patients (Boughn, 2001). Besides, men have numerous practical reasons that include career opportunity, job security, job flexibility and stable income. Conventionally, men tend to prefer active and challenging fields of nursing, such as cardiac care units, trauma units, emergency departments, cardiac care units, intensive care units, anaesthesiology or flight nursing, among others. Men are often attracted to the technical aspects of acute care specialties and always motivated by the challenges created by the medical instruments utilised in those units. However, a pilot study investigating the motivations and experiences of 42 males in the nursing profession conducted by Whittock M. Leonard L. (2003), Table 2.3 showed that a major factor that attracted men in nursing was influence of parents, specially mothers, employed in nursing or other healthcare professions. On the other hand, this finding was not true for all interviewees. A similar, qualitative, study exploring what motivates Israeli men to choose nursing as their profession was conducted by Romem, P. Anson, O. ( 2005), Table 2.3. Self- administered questionnaires which included 52-items were drawn up, in order to determine the social characteristics of male nurses, and their motives in choosing the profession. These questionnaires were distributed to all registered nurses, 137 female and 123 male, in three general and three psychiatric hospitals. The results of the study show that an early exposure to the profession, as well as the ethnic background are prominent factors that motivate men to choose nursing. Job security, career opportunities and salary, also play an important role (Romem, Anson,2005). On the other hand, men in nursing are not taking leading positions in the health care system due to their social origins. Nevertheless, there has been worry that several men may just look at the nursing profession as a facilitator to other masculine professions such as medicine and that they may not take nursing as their long lasting career. This is because of low pay and perceived low status of nursing as it is always associated with a lesser sex in the society (Williams, 1989). This anxiety was borne out in 2002 by a study conducted in the University of Pennsylvania. The study was based on the Analysis of the 1992-2000 the National Survey of Registered Nurses, the nations most extensive and comprehensive statistics on registered nurses with current licenses to practice in US. In this study it was found that about 7.5% of new-fangled male nurses left this female-dominated profession within four years after graduating from nursing school. This was a higher percent compared to the 4.1% of female nurses who deserted the nursing profession in the same period (Solchalski, 2002). While Sochalski (2002), Table 2.3, in her research underscored the need to determine the reasons for the exodus of nurses, a study of Rajapaksa Rothstein (2009), Table 2.3, showed that men and women nurses who left nursing had some similar and some different reasons for their actions. The sample consisted of 1,589 registered nurses who were employed in other occupations at the time of the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses 2000. Gender was the primary independent variable, although the vast majority of respondents in this study were female ( 93,5%). At the time of the survey , 63.2% of the respondents were working full time at their new jobs, and 36.8% were working part time. The survey consisted of a self-administered forced-choice questionnaire that included gender, participants age, working age, income, marital status, educational level and race. The results revealed that both men and women left nursing for better working hours and more rewarding positions elsewhere, and whilemen nurses do not leave nursing for other occupations because of dissatisfaction with their roles as nurses, but rather because of their perceptions of the low financial rewards associated with nursing (Rajapaksa, et al 2009, p.206). A number of issues face majority of men who do decide to remain in nursing. These men frequently feel an emotional reaction, a role strain that might be felt by any individual in a profession which has a social formation conquered by members of the opposite sex. For those men raised in the culture of American andocentricism, not used to anti-male gender inequity, this may create discontent and anxiety. Increasingly, though, men today fill majority of leadership tasks in the nursing profession. 2.3 Table The distribution of the studies exploring why men choose nursing as a career Author/s and setting Sample and sampling method Research design/Instrument Significant findings Rajapaksa,S. Rothstein,W. (2009) U.S.A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Secondary Analysis of the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses 2000, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sample 1.589 RNS who were employed in other occupations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢90% white, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Age of the respondents 48.49 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Average number of years worked as an RN was 8.73 years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The data used were the General Public Use Files, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self-administered forced choice questionnaire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Three main reasons for leaving nursing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢46% respondents stated that the working hours where more convenient in the new job, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 47,2% found current job more rewarding, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢35% stated that they left for better salaries Romem,P.Anson,O. (2005) Israel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢260 participants, 123 male and 137 registered nurses in 3 general and 3 psychiatric hospitals during 1997-1998. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢RR 74% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Mean age was 37 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Majority of the respondents were married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 52-item questionnaire based on in-dept interviews with 5 male and 5 female RN à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Nursing appeals to groups out-of the stream (immigrants and ethnic minorities); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Israeli men in nursing do not occupy leading positions in health care; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Men are absent from the nursing Administration. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢78% of the male in this study belong to immigrants or ethnic minority. Sochalski,J. (2002) U.S.A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Data Analysis of 1992-2000 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The number of respondents in 2000 questionnaire was 35,579. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢R.R.71.7% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Data from National Survey of Registered Nurses; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Questionnaire à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ New nurses at the beginning of their career show job satisfaction, 75% of women among new nurses were satisfied with their job, and only 67% men, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢7.5% of new male nurses left their job within four years, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Male nurses are leaving profession twice the rate of women à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢136,000 nurses are working in other professions. Whittock,M. Leonard,L. (2003) U.K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢1.Literature review on males in nursing from historical and present day perspective, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢2. Pilot study on what prevents from considering a nursing career à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢30 pre registration male nurses, 30 post registration male nurses, 10 ex-nurses males. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The sample to date 42 male nurse of different ethnicities Mean age 33,64 years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢In dept semi-structured interview limited to 1 hour duration; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Face to face interview à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interviewees have expressed the view that males can be caring as females, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢They have experienced some form of caring situation, usually in family, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Schools services are doing nothing or little to portray nursing as a possible career for young men, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Only 14% of male are enrolling into nursing 2.5 Views of male nurses in the nursing profession 2.5.1 Introduction Several male nurses have over time expressed their views concerning the nursing profession and in most instances they have reported undergoing a role strain. This has greatly implicated their career ambition and put a question as to whether caring is destined for them (Simpson, 2005). A qualitative study conducted by Simpson (2005), Table 2.4,in order to explore the experience of men in non-traditional occupations ,underscored from 40 in- depth interviews, that majority of men feel discomfort, embarrassment and shame. Many have reported masculinity challenges, including low pay and loss of status. Moreover, in the nursing profession, a good nurse is usually acknowledged by having attributes such as caring, subservience, compassion and kindness (Hicks, 1999). All these attributes are similar to those naturally depicted in females and thus the profession requires an individual with feminine traits. Loughrey,M.(2007), Table 2.4 performed a quantitative, non-experimental descriptive design in order to find out the gender role perception of male nurses, for the first time, in Ireland. Following the analysis of this research, out of 104 male nurses, 78 respondents identified themselves as affectionate, sympathetic and understanding, which corresponds more to female gender roles, and that adoption of the characteristics of the female gender role may not be unusual to male nurses. Hart, K. (2005), Table 2.4, reports on Men in Nursing Survey, that the reality that nursing is traditionally female profession is the main reason why more men arent attracted to the profession, according to 38% of respondents. Other key reasons cited were the stereotype that all men in nursing are gay (29 %), poor pay (15 %), and lack of role models (15%). One respondent said that many people think a man who chooses to spend his career as a staff nurse is a failure or lacks direction. Many others said that male nurses are perceived as men who flunked out of medical school. (Hart, p.48). With these hard-hitting facts, men in nursing view themselves as unsuited for caring task (Wingfield, 2009). Even more, male nurses have reported not once of being victims of homophobic abuse, some of them state that they have been called dreadful names, such as you faggot this while providing nursing care to patients. There are even views of male nurses who feel disadvantaged in life because they decided on a female-dominated profession, which confers a lesser status upon them (McDougall, 1997). The effect of nurse gender on nurse and patient perceptions of nurse caring were explored by Ekstrom, (1999),Table 2.4, using two matched, Likert-like, and 61 items questionnaires. The results collected from the two groups of 145 nurse-patient gender combination, indicated that caring is not particularly female quality, and that nurse caring can be performed by both genders male and female, from the nurse or the patient perspective. However, men find it difficult to demonstrate caring behaviours suggesting avoidance of self-identification with a feminine stereotype. According to these views, it is as if humans are perpetually susceptible, incapable of handling their affairs. Undoubtedly, the preoccupation with the harms and hurts of being a male nurse appears at odds with the evidence of mens masculinity and brisk technological advancement (Furedi, 2003). 2.4 Table The distribution of the studies regarding the views of the male nurses in the nursing profession Author/s and setting Sample and sampling method Research design/Instrument Significant findings Ekstrom,D.N. (1990) U.S.A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sample of two 145 nurse-patients combinations, from 5 adult acute care medical centers; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Random sampling of the patients, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mean age of female nurses 35.5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mean age of male nurse 36.3, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Patients had a mean age of 46.4 with a range of 19-82 years. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two 61 items-matched Likert like questionnaires: 1. The nurse caring questionnaire, 2.The patient caring questionnaire

Primacy Effect

Primacy Effect is a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of initial stimuli or observations. It is the tendency to remember well the first items, that will influence us more than the later information will. According to Solomon Asch (1946), â€Å"a glance, a few spoken words are sufficient to tell us a story about a highly complex matter† (pg. 258). Therefore, we often make our judgment of the person right from the first impressions. For example, if someone makes a good first impression the moment they meet you, you will tend to dismiss negative attributes shown later in the person.However, if someone were to make a bad first impression, they will have a hard time making a positive influence later on. In one study, the Asch had presented a list of six adjectives to a subject. It was revealed that subjects who had flattering descriptors were picked to be more likeable when their adjectives were in order from favorable to unfavorable. Therefore humans perce ive the people around them by their independent trait. Humans often fill in the gaps of missing information. In another study that Asch (1946) conducted, the two different subjects were shown 2 lists A. bedient-weak-shallow-warm-unambitious-vain B. vain-shrewd- unscrupulous-warm-shallow-envious (pg. 267) results shows that the subjects were more influenced by the words that came before warm. They felt that in series A, the person was truly and genuinely a warm person. However, in series B the subjects felt that the warmth in the person lacks sincerity. (Asch, 1946, pg. 267). This clearly displays the primacy effect that humans different judgment of two different first impression, however with a similar central trait warm.Therefore, we would perceive people with better physical appearances as more socially desirable and that the first impressions of them will be positive. Even if there were to be signs of any negative characteristics, humans tend allow these first impressions to beco me self-fulfilling prophecies and be naturally biased towards them. Reference: Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290

English Literature-Bluffing, Gail Helgason

Bluffing- Gail Helgason By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut Flashback: A term which is probably from the cinema and which is now also used to describe any scene or episode in a play,novel, story or poem which is inserted to show events that happened in an earlier time. It is frequently used in modern fiction. Flashback in the story.Medicinal smell reminds homemade solution. Waiting in the hospital- she remembers the morning three weeks ago. When she sees Merlin- she remembers how she taught Liam to spot wildlife. Foreshadowing: The technique of arranging events and in formations ina narrative in such a way that later events are prepared for or shadowed forth beforehand. The end is contained in the beginning and this gives structural and thematic unity. It refers to plot technique in which a writer plans clues that hints at what is going to happen later in the plot . Similar essay: Unknown Woman by Rabindranath TagoreForeshadowing is used to arouse the reader’s curiosity,build suspense and help prepare the reader to accept events that occur later in the society. Fore Shadowing -She is running to Jasper hospital but we don’t know why –arouse curiosity to read further to know more. -The expensive trade mark-the word expensive is used to let the readers know in the later part of the story that he is extravagant and spends all his money. -That wasn’t the same as telling the whole story-it gives us a clue that there is some story which we will come to know later. Contemporary story, languagemodern, charactersrealistic, third person limited. -Five scenes- alternate from present to past. -Present- Gabriella is running in the pavement and is waiting to see Liam in the hospital. -Past- the scenes set three weeks earlier at a remote lake. Theme- Commitment Third person limited- The point of view is limited to Gabriella and anyth ing known about Liam is filtered through Gabriella’s perceptions. Bluffing means try to deceive somebody by pretending to be stronger, braver, clever, loving etc. Than one really is (pretending -Chambers Dictionary) Setting JasperHospital and Jasper National Park. Conflict Internal- Person V/S Person (Gabriella V/S Gabriella). External-Gabriella V/S Liam. The couple V/S Nature. Liam He is anegoist (not want to learn from other people) He is jealous (Clive) as he was not invited for a big expedition. Extravagant- in spending all his money to buy boots, jacketsetc,(outdoor gear) Ambitious- wants to see his pictures in the glossy Magazines. Clever and selfish- trick the two young men. Jolly type Very determined, serious, silent and not trustable(in the face of great danger he ran away).Lacks dedication and sincerity and commitment in life. Gabriella Gabriella was not sure- why Liam ran away, whether to save her or himself. Gabriella failed to understand Liam. Oneminute he behave s like a stranger-does not care anything,another minute he surprises her through surprising small deceitsor sometime extravagant gestures. Gabriella’s dream gets shattered. Very sincere, committedand a dedicated wife. A biology teacher. She is very clever and resourceful. In front of the grizzly, she exhibits her presence of mind and courage. She is very practical minded and good at bluffing.By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Liam -On the other hand not committed in the beginning. -He is careless and carefree. -Always away from her. -Does not show his feelings and affections. -He does not spell out his feelings. Gabriella Gabriella plans to break her commitment and may leave him (they may separate which will result in loss of faith and loss of love for Liam). Gabriella feels – Liam will be a great burden (wounded Liam). Gabriella thought- just to stay for the rest of the afternoon.Gabriella/Liam -Two different persons having two different characters. – In the beginning Gabriella is very much committed to Liam and their relation. -She always finds a way so that they can be together. -She takes care of him and always worries about uncertainty in their commitment. But at the end -She sees his distorted face. -She charges and backs off from the commitment (even if she knew that his condition is due to his love towards her). -He sacrifices his life for her. Gabriella cannot be trusted. -When Liam-strong, healthy, smart and capable-she seems to be committed. But after the accident-she sees the distorted face and she awares the uselessness of Liam, she breaks the commitment. -When Liam is really in need of her care and support, she backs off. Bluffing Gabriella -She hides her egg sandwiches to make Liam. -Gabriella throws away the cleaning solution given by Liam-another example. -Gabriella getting angry and running away from Jasper park-example of bluffing. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan -Gabriella’s story of waiting outside the room in hospital for three weeks. -Gabriella stretches her lips when she sees the wound- another example of bluffing. Though Gabriella cannot stand and she sees Liam’s horrific scared face, she sits there and smiles. -May be in heart of heart she might have expected Liam to come forward and save her from the Grizzly. But he runs away without telling even a word. Liam The food items Liam carries and hides. Liam’s bluffing to the teenagers-telling the story of Grizzly and elk carcass. He says the reasons for his running away-he said just to save her life but he wanted to save his life only. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan **************************************