A New World Developed Between The 16th And 18th Century

A new world developed between the 16th and 18th century focused on growing empires establishments of ‘power and profit’. Ogborn argues that through various types of global connections and the rise and fall of global powers, a global history was created. In particular, the exchange of goods and services by Britain and the English colonies was only obtainable through utilizing transportation. As a result, an advantageous Atlantic economy was formed . Britain applied transportation as a method of ridding the country of undesirables, which included convicts, and consequently created the criminal transportation system. Beattie notes that Britain was simultaneously able to benefit the English colonies, providing the colonists with servants†¦show more content†¦As the colonial period prevailed in the 17th century and the settlers continued to create a society in the new world, suspicion arose towards settlers and natives with distinctly unique life styles. These â₠¬Å"foreigners† were viewed as threatening to the colonists newly established societies. The first English colonies were religiously intolerable, particularly towards Quakers . The English settlers also feared the Native Americans because of their foreign way of life and their already established communities on land settlers sought after . Correspondingly, the colonists began to believe it was their moral duty to preserve their cultural identity as â€Å"Englishmen† . Though the Quakers were a peaceful religion posing no actual threat, Virginia denounced them as endangering the society’s peace and safety in 1662. As a result, colonial court authorities in Virginia banished Quakers, upon their third offense, when found practicing their religion . The Native Americans, on the other hand, did actually pose a dangerous threat to the colonists in the early 17th century. The first Indian uprising occurred in 1622 and became known as the Virginia Massacre. This event occ urred because of the Native Americans’ fear of losing their land to settlers . Anti-Indian sentiment was soon after instilled into English colonists. Colonial authorities and settlers began to adopt the view that it was their duty

Opec Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries Essay

Josh Howard Stewart Devaney Principles of Economics 11/23/16 OPEC The OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) created in 1960 is a permanent intergovernmental Organization. Was formed at the conference held in Baghdad. The five founders Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Later down the road they were joined by nine other countries. Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola, and Gabon. They joined between the years 1961-1975. There were some countries that had some issues being in the OPEC. Indonesia suspended its bid in January of 09’ , then reactivate it in 2016 only to suspend it again a few months later. Ecuador also suspended it s bid in December of 92’ only to reactivate it in 2007. Gabon terminated their bid in January of 95’ but decided to rejoin in the summer of 2016. OPEC started its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland for the first five years only to move to Vienna, Austria, in September of 65’. The whole reason for the OPEC’S f orming was to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among the Members countries of involvement. It was used to secure fair and stable prices for the petroleum producers. Also the economic of the regular supply of petroleum to the consuming nations. With the fair return of capital going back to those investing nations in the industry. In 1960 the five founders of OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq,Show MoreRelatedOpec Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries977 Words   |  4 Pagesregion I chose is OPEC, which is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC was established in 1961 with 5 countries. Since then, it has expanded to 12 countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. As technology improves and the production of oil and natural gas fluctuates, changes in the economy will occur and create tensions and conflicts, as well as opportunities. Because of OPEC s impact on theRead MoreOpec Is Used For The Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries Essay2522 Words   |  11 PagesOPEC is abbreviation used for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It is an intergovernmental and permanent organization which came into force in Baghdad in Se ptember 1960. Initially formed by the Five Founding members – Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and, Venezuela, it was later joined by 9 other countries which are Qatar, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, Indonesia and Ecuador. The organization’s headquarters were first located in Geneva, Switzerland for the first fiveRead MoreOpec Stands For Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages OPEC reaches deal to cut production, sending prices Soaring. OPEC stands for Organization of the petroleum Exporting countries. It is an intergovernmental organization of fourteen nation. It coordinates petroleum policies and stabilize the oil market. This will help them secure regular supply of petroleum in order to keep a study income and growth. Petroleum have become one of the most powerful asset or natural resource that any nation could have. AndRead MoreOpec1276 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to OPEC OPEC, The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a name that has become synonymous with the worldwide petroleum market. But what does it do, who is involved and how important is OPEC to our day-to-day lives? This article aims to answer these basic questions in a clear and concise fashion. OPEC is a permanent organisation of 12 countries which are world-leaders in oil production. The primary aim of OPEC is to unify petroleum policies between its member countries, to ensureRead MoreOpec Case Study1516 Words   |  7 Pages– Group Assignment Group No – 15 Centre – Thane OPEC Case Study Course - IIFT EPGDIB ( Vsat) 2009 Participants :1) Dinesh Jhamnani 3) Neelesh Naik 5) Koshy John 2) Anup Nair 4) Prashant Lohade 6) Smita Meshram What is OPEC? The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent intergovernmental organization of 12 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries. It was founded at a meeting held on 10–14 SeptemberRead MoreEssay on Understanding OPEC: An Economic Analysis1353 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding OPEC: An Economic Analysis In the last few months, much has been said of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Interestingly enough, one of Iraq’s motivating factors was economics. Kuwait provided Iraq with a pretext for war as it violated the economic policies of the Organization of Oil-Exporting Countries by exporting oil above its quotas. This is but one chapter in the complicated history of OPEC. OPEC is an international assembly of nations which co-ordinates and unifies the petroleumRead MoreOpec – Formation and Influence on the World Economy1793 Words   |  8 PagesOPEC – Formation and influence on the world economy Ahlam Colorado Heights University Abstract The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) , is a permanent intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 14 th, 1960, consisting of the worlds major oil-exporting nations. It was founded to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its members, to serve as a platform for oil producers to achieve their economic objectives by limiting supplies in theRead MoreOpec And The Price Of Oil873 Words   |  4 PagesOPEC and the price of oil The organization of the petroleum exporting countries or OPEC was created at Baghdad Conference in Iraq in September 1960. The founding members of organization were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. These five states were later joined by nine other countries: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), and Angola (2007). Ecuador and Gabon withdrew from the organizationRead MoreOpec And Oil And Exporting Countries1566 Words   |  7 Pagesof oil and exporting countries Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is one of the intergovernmental organization. Three continents over which the organization is spread is Asia, America, and Africa.12 oil producing countries in the organization are as follows: America, Asia and Africa. These12 countries are: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. The present headquarters of the organization is locatedRead MoreThe Role Of Opec In The Future Of Energy. Throughout History,1167 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of OPEC in the Future of Energy Throughout history, the lifestyles within every culture was molded by the ability of its people to perform work or labor on the earth. Furthermore, cultural lifestyles were also shaped by the availability of resources and the types of resources available. The lifestyle that exists within Western civilization today was made possible by the extraction and usefulness of one particular resource: oil. Along with the rapid emergence of the fossil fuel industry in

Challenges For Recruitment In A Tea Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Challenges For Recruitment In A Tea Industry. Answer: Introduction In an industrial workplace, various types of workers of different categories are required for the labor force and the productivity of the industry. In this form, we get to realize that recruitment in an organization is to seek and spot job applicants with an aim to get adequate and quality number at the industry. The recruited workers are to be specialized to the kind of the qualification stated by the industry (Anders, 2012). In this research, we will focus on the challenges for recruiting workforce for a tea industry in an area. In most occasions, recruitment of all kinds and of all status is required in a tea industry. Both the skilled and non-skilled labor is needed all through the year. Recruitments have to be done depending on the yield of the products, the capital of the industry, the labor force and demand, organizational imagine, demographic issues as well as recruitment strategies. Recruitment Challenges In the process of recruiting workers in an industry, key challenges tend to be an issue to the managers of the tea industry. One main challenge affecting the recruitment of the workforce is the cost for recruitment. The process requires adequate capital to run smoothly. The cost required for advertising the job applications and qualifications. This is done either through medias, posters and the Internet, which requires money to get the work done perfectly. There are also some fees paid to recruitment agencies and consultants. These are specialists who require better payments of the recruitment process. The challenge is also seen in the event of induction of new employees to the industry. This affects productivity since much time is spent to get the new employees trained and familiarize with the work at the industry. The other employees may also fail to deliver their duties as usual since there are new employees and this may cost the productivity of the industry. For the tea industry to reduce the cost of the advertising of the job, it should first understand how social media fits in the procedure of recruiting employees especially the skilled personnel. The industry should come up with strategies like having just one website to get the advertisement done and all the process of recruiting employees to reduce the financial costs of the industry. The performance of the industry can be maintained by retaining the other workers as much as the new ones are being recruited to the industry (Weinberg, 1968). In most occasions, the industry has to consider the population of an area and the rate of labor needed to run the work. In recruiting of workers at an organization, demographical issues tend to be a challenge to the managers. There is the aging group in an industry who is possible should be laid off to get young energetic employees. This may be difficult since the aging will be left unemployed and prone to suffering due to lack of basic needs and no relative to offer assistance (Van Hoye, 2013). There is also labor force diversity. A number of employees needed at the industry would be men more than women especially on the non-skilled section due to the amount of work done. This hinders the women participation in job opportunity. The rate of gender inequality makes it a challenge to the recruitment of workers in an organization (Demmke, Moilanen, 2010). Demographical issues on the recruitment of employees also base on the disabilities and ability services. The industry at some point may only require employees who are able and their health conditions got no issues. In this case, the disabled are not considered even if they were qualified for the job. This is a great challenge to the industry since it may look like they are being biased to the disabled in the society. A solution to the demographical issues in recruiting of employees is that awareness ought to be created to bring a better understanding of the situation at hand. Demographical issues also base on challenges such as culture and religion of the people (Sutton, 2016). Since the people who seek employment are of diverse areas there is also diversification in their culture and religion. This situation may be difficult to handle. The solution strategized is only to create a better understanding of different cultures and religion so that handling the recruitment process may be free and free to the applicants. The human resource should also be able to describe the industry culture as per the job. Displaying the mission and target of the industry makes it easy for applicants to get interested in applying for jobs within that industry. This also helps applicants to strategize themselves according to the culture and rules of the industry. When everyone gets to understand the different cultures and religion of people then there would be a great benefit to the industry. Diversity mostly brings development of the economic partnership, legal compliance (Sutton, 2015). It also enables products and services which are culturally sensitive and appropriate. When understanding is made, there would be teamwork at the industry. Teamwork enhances bonding at work and this calls for better work by the workers and thus better productivity recorded. The solution to the aging workforce is that they should be let to work in hand with the new and young employees so that knowledge they have can be taught to them. This is to the benefit of both the industry and the aging at the workplace (Anderson, Pulich, 2000). A generation has also been a key challenge to recruiting the workforce. At some point, the industry would prefer the old generation as compared to the young ones. The current job market has got more young people who are bright and smart seeking employments at the industries. The challenge the agencies who are assigned to recruit new employees is that they never trust the ability of the young generation to handle certain posts because they may not have that working experience in the job market today. A challenge also occurs when the young generation is so many in need of the job than the old who they needed. The young generation needs to be given a fair chance at the industry. Most of the have the aggressiveness needed to run an industry better than the old managers. The young generation has ideas when if given a chance can be of benefit to the industrial economic development. The young generation is always eager to learn new things and has a new experience and so they should be given a chance during recruitment of employees(Liff, 2011). The industry always has an image to protect and maintain all through the year. During recruiting of a new workforce, this becomes a key challenge to handle by the agencies. There is always that aspect of caring about how the employees and managers view the industry. The industry is to fulfill every role and perform the recruitment of a workforce in the best ever. The challenge occurs in selecting employees with qualifications as per the organizational image. The industry expects to employ applicants who are educated, skilled and are perfect so that the image and status of the industry can be maintained at all cost. In this case, the human resource should reconsider and balance judgments during decision making (Ar thur, 2012). The organization needs to educate the employees to consider everyone in the industry. This will help them properly recognize strategies of human resource and inquire more. When an organization tries to reconsider their decision made then the best brightest and best people will be attracted to the application of jobs at the organization. This enables the wider growth in the economy within a year and possibly for future development (Simmons-Welburn, McNeil, 2004). There is always the demand and supply of labor force required at the workstations. The industry has to approximate the level of labor offered by employees. The labor supply tends to be expensive when it comes to hiring new employees to meet the objectives of the business than just improving the skills of the existing employees. This is preferred since the labor force is stronger when supplied within the industry than outside the industry. The demand of products tends to be more difficult compared to the supply of labor. It terms of demand, completion from other industries makes it quite hard to operate with fewer workers (McCarthy, 2017). The industry is to recruit a large a number so that the high demand of the customers can be met. Having that large number to supply the labor required by the industry is a problem occur when it comes to assessing every individuals work. Mostly, the industry never wants a surplus of employees who are not effectively deployed and gain they never want any position left with no employee. The issue of labor demand can be successfully resolved when the qualitative method since the technique involves the people that are likely to be affected by any changes to the business. This method enhances the commitment and acceptance of policies of the industry. Having a human resource consultant who is able to lead the process and acquire the most appropriate processes to lead businesses through these processes can help greatly in achieving effective forecasting of future employee needs (Cook, 1992). Employer branding is the process of promoting an industry as the employer of choice to the desired target group and the one needed to be recruited and retained. Strategies such s employer branding when put in place during recruitment process can overcome the challenges of recruitment in the industry. Mostly industry prefers to educate and train their managers and employees to become experts in the job market. Employer branding is the most advanced form of social recruiting (Smith, Rupp, 2004). Employment branding allows room for communication, educating the audience and sell job seekers about your industry through the view of your expert employees who are a brand to the industry. This process is preferred since its a long-term activity that has got benefits and effective productivity in the world market. Employer branding is concerned with attraction, engagement and retention initiative targeted at enhancing a company. Employer branding management addresses the reality of the employment experience and not just its presentation. This art supports both external recruitment of the right employees and the desire for effective employee engagement and employee retention. This enables an industry to achieve its goals as required. The employer should always try to engage the employees in certain activities like letting them advertise the industry through the media and letting them attend the global interviews on the employers behalf (Schaeffer, 2007). This art makes them feel special and productive to the industry. This makes it easy to retain best employees and thus it will enable potential applicants to come over seeking for jobs in the industry. In conclusion, we realize that every key challenge encountered during recruiting of a workforce can easily be handled when everyone gets to understand the effectiveness of both the applicants awaiting recruitment and the employee who is always and needs to retain. Everyone is important to the development of the industry. References Anders, G. (2012). The Rare Find: reinventing recruiting (unconventional ways of recruiting talented employees). Human Resource Management International Digest, 20(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hrmid.2012.04420daa.002 Anderson, P., Pulich, M. (2000). Recruiting Good Employees in Tough Times. The Health Care Manager, 18(3), 32-40. H ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200018030-00005 Arthur, D. (2012). Recruiting, interviewing, selecting orienting new employees (1st ed.). New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Cook, M. (1992). The AMA handbook for employee recruitment and retention (1st ed.). New York: American Management Association. Demmke, C., Moilanen, T. (2010). Civil services in the EU of 27 (1st ed.). Frankfurt is Main [u.a.]: Lang. Liff, S. (2011). Improving the performance of government employees (1st ed.). New York: American Management Association. McCarthy, C. (2017). Embrace challenges as opportunities to grow. Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners, 19(5), 12-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nsr.30225 Schaeffer, D. (2007). Recruiting and retaining employees in a dynamic job market. Natural Gas, 15(5), 12-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410150504 Simmons-Welburn, J., McNeil, B. (2004). Human resource management in today's academic library (1st ed.). Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. Smith, A., Rupp, W. (2004). Managerial challenges of e?recruiting: extending the life cycle of new economy employees. Online Information Review, 28(1), 61-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14684520410522466 Sutton, H. (2015). Overcome challenges to cultivate women leaders on your campus. Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners, 18(1), 9-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nsr.30093 Sutton, H. (2016). Consider advantages, challenges of implementing competency-based transcripts. Recruiting Retaining Adult Learners, 18(9), 6-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nsr.30158 Van Hoye, G. (2013). Recruiting Through Employee Referrals: An Examination of Employees Motives. Human Performance, 26(5), 451-464. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836199 Weinberg, S. (1968). Calvert, Robert, Jr. Employing the Minority Group College Graduate: Recruiting, Evaluating Qualifications, Retaining Employees. Journal Of Employment Counseling, 5(4), 135-136. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.1968.tb00320.x

The perfect machine building the Palomar telescope

Table of Contents Introduction Palomar Telescope The Very Large Telescope Winning strategy Strength and weakness of the book Conclusion Reference Introduction The designing, construction, and execution of the Palomar telescope took around quarter of a century. The telescope was a state-of-art device, which drove technology to the edge. There existed numerous internal strains in the project. The collaboration between science and industry hardly ever went effortlessly (Florence, 2011, pp. 8-15).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The perfect machine: building the Palomar telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ronald Florence, the author of â€Å"The perfect machine: building the Palomar telescope† performs an excellent job in bringing forth the drama involved in the project. The drama by Ronald Florence is however not of the kind of Indiana Jones, but of conflicts in personality, the distressing o f the resolution to engineering difficulties, and the vigor of the attempt to generate an appropriate mirror blank. One could even note the concern at the period of the long extensions in the course of waiting for the cooling of the mirror coupled with during its erection at the appropriate shape. Even if this advance could not result to an intellectual account of the project, it is suitable for an excellent reading. The construction of the Hale Telescope is somewhat a lengthy account. The entire project was filled with difficulties in addition to the existence of some critical setbacks that could have terminated the entire project including the Hubble Space Telescope. Nevertheless, the Hubble did not turn out to be the only telescope to encounter such initial aches. This situation is as well relevant to the 200-inch (5 meter) Hale Telescope situated at the Palomar Mountain. Ronald Florence generates a perfect book concerning the construction of the 200-inch Palomar telescope that w as indeed a perfect machine. Palomar Telescope According to Florence, many researches have looked into the construction of the Palomar telescopes with the inclusion of the efforts by David Woodbury. As suggested by Florence, David Woodbury and his publication are in fact a section of the account for he even assisted in obtaining a great form of the project. Even though there are some current researches on Palomar, â€Å"The Perfect Machine† stands as the sole complete and detailed account of the Palomar story. With respect to works by George Ellery, the 5-meter telescope signifies the largest telescope internationally. George Ellery is a solar astrophysicist who had the expertise of obtaining huge sums from rich men.Advertising Looking for book review on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Ellery was in a position to perceive the worth of large telescopes with regard to resolving the puzzles of stella r advancement and cosmology (Florence, 2011, pp. 16-20). In 1923, Ellery and his comrade engineer, Francis Pease, developed confidence that a much larger telescope would be constructed on condition that they had the necessary monetary requirements. Certainly, they approximated the total cost to be $ 5 million. Ellery overwhelmed Wickliffe Rose, the manager of Rockefeller Foundation (RF), with the notion of the telescope and by the close of 1928, the finances for the building of the 5-meter telescope were provided. Ronald Florence opens his book with a synopsis of the â€Å"Great Debate† by Shapley-Curtis. The â€Å"Great Debate† denotes a crucial instance in the hullabaloo over if nebulae existed in the galaxy or if galaxies were on their own. Moreover, the author explains the position of cosmology, the significance of large telescopes to the ground, and the setting of Ellery, viz. the initiator of the 200-inch. Luckily, he uses much time in the discourse of the influe nce of the two main important occasions that had an impact on the application of the telescope: the vast misery and the Second World War (Florence, 2011, pp. 21-25). The 5-meter project offered jobs during the misery and permitted numerous companies to focus on manpower and the attempts into special study for the project than they could have at an instance when business was in an excellent state. On the other hand, the impact of the war resulted in the stopping of the building of the telescope by drawing of the labor force as well as resources. The most fascinating sections of the book are illustrations of the people engaged in the construction of the telescope.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The perfect machine: building the Palomar telescope specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The individuals that played a key role in the construction of the telescope include George Ellery who had a frenzied pace that resu lted to his downfall (Florence, 2011, pp. 56-75). His endeavor, as a technical industrialist, coupled with his demanding study approach and the course of Mount Wilson Observatory, acted as the correspondent of burning the candle at its two ends and brought about his entire collapse in 1910. Following the downfall, Ellery could swap short periods of intense labor with instances of severe exhaustion. For George Ellery, the 200-inch telescope acted as his last project as well as the one, which could give him a great reputation. Ellery is best remembered for this telescope. Additionally, there existed other individuals in the army like Clyde McDowell. Clyde withdrew from the navy and abandoned an opportunity and reputation in a bid to administer the building of the telescope. His form of administration led to the effortless construction of the telescope. Moreover, McDowell acquired new friends with his perception that the construction of the telescope was the same as the construction of a massive battleship gun tower. McDowell employed retired military Colonel Brett to manage the building site on Palomar. On his part, Brett managed the site in the same way as an army operation, to the extent of serving a nasty meal each week to permit the employees long for others (Florence, 2011, pp. 89-112). Ronald Florence illustrates the scientists in addition to the engineers as considerably the most impressive characters in the drama. It is not hard to express sympathy for individuals like McCauley of Corning as well as his impressive attempts to come up with an appropriate piece of Pyrex for use as the telescope mirror. All things appeared to break down for McCauley, starting with a superior obtaining recognition for his efforts to a downpour that threatened to tear down the second Endeavour at a 200-inch (5 meter) mirror blank. Ronald Florence has as well accomplished a service through shedding light on an individual that has obtained very little recognition, Rein Kroon. R ein was a youthful engineer from the Netherlands who was working for the project initiated by Westinghouse, the constructers of the telescope mounting. Rein managed to resolve many difficult setbacks entailed in the telescope mounting (Florence, 2011, pp. 123-152).Advertising Looking for book review on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The aforementioned setbacks included the way to make use of the oil-film comportments for mounting, the interior plan for the north â€Å"horseshoe† deportment, and plan for the declination deportments. The endeavors of these men as well as others described in the book led to the completion of the 200-inch Hale Telescope that started its operation in 1949. The Very Large Telescope During the early 1980s, there existed more than half of a dozen observatories of telescopes accessible to astronomers internationally, La Silla being among them. Arrangements were underway to build stronger and larger telescopes having primary mirrors. The Keck Foundation (KF) allowed the Californian Institute of Technology (CIT) and the University of California to construct twin 10-m telescopes and situated it on Mauna Kea. This aspect played a key role in the provision of initial light and in particular concerning ground-anchored spectroscopic similar to the Hubble Space Telescope (Florence, 2011, pp. 219-250). Switzerland and Italy had become part of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in 1981, thus allowing the building of the 3.5-m fresh expertise Telescope with initial developments in dynamic optics. These developments were vital for the next move; viz. the building of a Very Large Telescope (VLT) that received the approval in 1987 and it was constructed on Cerro Paranal in Chile. This 8.1-m telescope (Gemini) as well as an 8.3-m Subaru telescope came into being at around the same period. The Very Large Telescope was planned from initial stages as an incorporated structure containing 4 of the 8.2-m telescopes, comprising the likelihood of to merge the light telescopes for optical interferometers, thus paving the way for breathtaking spatial settlement. The majority of VLT devices were constructed in close partnership with establishments in nearby states. The whole lot of the initial device set was completed at around mid 2007 with the ordering of CRIRES. The Paranal stock comprised the screw adaptive optics network in addition to a fast-reaction method to respond to quick transient occurrences. Later on, the near infrared frequency was incorporated as generation-1.5 device. The Very Large Telescopes have added to all sections of astronomy encompassing the kind of dark substance and dark energy, the excessive physics of gamma radiation ruptures, as well as the configuration, organization, and development of galaxies and solar system. The productivity with respect to referenced research papers was almost 500 in 2007, thus making about 2200 since initiation with subsequent yearly augments. The total of observing applications for European Southern Observatory amenities has nearly tripled in the last decade. The User Portal has approximately 4000 certified clients and the archive holds 74 Terabytes of statistics and improved statistical products (Florence, 2011, pp. 298-325). Winning strategy The Very Large Telescopes initiated businesses for Keck t elescopes in about 5 years. Nevertheless, the notion of constructing a completely integrated structure having 4 of the 8.2-m telescopes with time and offering a dozen foci for a cautiously planned backup of devices accompanied by 4 of the 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescope proved to be the proper one for the interferometer. The inclusion of a lasting and sufficiently financed device and expertise were constructed in association with establishments in the neighboring states, with similar participation in labor remunerated by assured keeping of time, and has developed the most improved ground-anchored optical observatory in the universe. The progression model prohibits guest as well as service style and offers the best observing effectiveness in the world on a position where almost 90 per cent of the nights are unclouded (Florence, 2011, pp. 382-425). In the society today, the achievements of the Palomar telescope have facilitated technological inspirations, for instance, the European Southern Observatory personnel were motivated to construct, drive, and back the best probable observatory. In this regard, the Very Large Telescope is possibly the natural replacement of the Perfect Machine that was situated at Mount Palomar. Strength and weakness of the book Ronald Florence does not just offer a vibrant story of the design and building of Hale telescope, but he also attracts the reader to share his enthrallment for a splendid project in addition to a remarkable technical machine. The book is beyond a well written piece and turns out to be fascinating. Nevertheless, there exist some weaknesses in the book. At some point, the author wrongly offers praise to the designers of the Palomar telescope for novelty that had been tested long before, like the standard of the support of the principal mirror. The description of the unmoved ending of the principal mirror seems entirely questionable with regard to the metrology of the moment, being of excessively low resolution to permit any significant confirmation of local redesigning as detailed by the author. Additionally, the post-1950 era could as well have merited a rather wider and fairer description. Moreover, the introduction of completely new and extensive perceptions, like active optics, under the custody of European designers, and dealers is totally disregarded. Overall, the vision and the effort concerning the construction of the Palomar telescope spring from each page; it is an almost flawless book regarding an almost perfect machine. Conclusion By around 1980s, there hailed observatories of telescopes accessible to astronomers internationally that were perhaps the natural substitution of the Perfect Machine that was positioned at Mount Palomar. Ronald Florence used reasonable time in the study of the story as portrayed by the endnotes that demonstrate his usage of a lot of time in search of primary data from the archives. Nevertheless, Florence is yet to seize a number of the noteworthy historical co ncerns concerning the 200-inch telescope and in this regard, intellectual treatment is anticipated of the Palomar Observatory by a historiographer of science and technology. An excellent intellectual historiographer was perhaps not the intention of Ronald Florence (this is evident in the lack of preface as well as a bibliography; in its place there are works stated at the endnotes). Luckily, an excellently studied and perfectly written story is developed in the book. Reference Florence, R. (2011). The Perfect Machine: Building the Palomar Telescope. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. This book review on The perfect machine: building the Palomar telescope was written and submitted by user Xavier Davenport to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Expository Essay Topics Meet the Top Ideas on the History of Art

20 Expository Essay Topics Meet the Top Ideas on the History of Art If you need interesting expository essay topics for your next writing assignment on the history of art, there are many ideas from which to choose. That being said, if you need some help getting started, consider the following 20: Religious Influence on Artwork How Art Depicts Religion Art as Historical Documentation for Buddhism Late Renaissance Artistic Tendencies Baroque Artistic Tendencies How Art Emphasized Relationships Between Political, Social, and Economic Atmospheres Transitional Artistic Periods of Time The Utilization of New Components for Human Features and Natural Beauty Biblical Depictions Paintings Versus Statues Mannerism Influence in Italy The High Renaissance Influence for Italian Composers and Artists Ancient Greek Artwork Ancient Native American Art How New Artists Include Themes and Techniques of Older Generations History of African Art History of Asian Art Cultural Influence In Artistic Trends How Local Natural Elements Influence Artistic Design Around the World Changes in Historically Important Artistic Periods Aren’t those topics cool? To get a better idea of some interesting facts on the History of Art, plus additional guidance on how to write an expository essay about it check the hyperlinks. Below is a sample expository essay on one of the topics listed above to give you additional assistance: 10 facts, how to. Sample Expository Essay on Art as the Historical Documentation of Buddhism Art has a long history of serving as a record keeper for historical events and this is also true of Buddhism. There are three foundations or Jewels of Buddhism. The first is the Buddha, and the second is Dharma which is the teachings. The third is the Sangha - the community. Buddhists are generally distinguished from non-Buddhists through taking refuge in the third Jewel. Other facets of the practice include supporting the monastic community, becoming a monk, developing a mindfulness in meditation, practicing meditation, cultivating higher discernment and wisdom, studying the scriptures, practicing devotion, and practicing traditional ceremonies (Kohn 143). In early South Asian artwork, the four great miracles of the Buddha’s life are described along with his life cycle. It is encompassed by the aforementioned ideals through a combination of influential styles and symbols which were indicative of the political, social, and economic condition of the specified period. From this transitional time period of the Buddhism expansion came the four panels depicting the stories from the holy text pertaining to the life of the Buddha. The stupas are depicted in chronological order, focusing on the four great miracles in the life of Buddha (Saunders). The Buddha is represented in symbols of trees, pillars, thrones, and the wheel of Dharma. All until the moment when Buddha is shown as human and has reached the enlightenment. Greek and Indian combinations in terms of the iconology are demonstrated throughout the forms that Buddha takes in all four panels. Form of the Buddha in the first panels shows the perfect oval egg for the head, eyebrows which show an Indian bow curve, lotus bud eyes, ears which represent a Sanskrit symbol, and the embodiment of a lion through the wide breast and narrow waist. The head is meant to represent a bull while the arms are indicative of elephant trunks. The hands are lotus petals (Saunders). Early text suggests that the Buddha was born on the Indian subcontinent during the 5th century BC where his father was an elected chieftain. The Theravada text states that he was born in modern-day Nepal in the year 563 BC, raised in Kapilavastu. One of the four great miracles, depicted as one of the four great events was this birth. In the common artwork, the Buddha emerges from the right hip of his standing mother Maya with a halo. The halo is the symbol of divine radiance and is affiliated with deities and royalty in South Asian communities. The artwork borrows from Greek and Roman art in terms of the wreaths placed around the woman’s head, the people holding cornucopias, and the long-sleeved clothing (Dehejia). The second great miracle was the Buddha’s enlightenment. After the birth of this prince, it was prophesized by an astrologer that he would either be a king like his father or a holy man upon leaving the palace walls. It is clear that his father was against the notion of a holy man because he was forbidden to leave. Upon his departure, he encountered an old suffering man, a sick suffering man, a corpse, and an ascetic holy man which all encouraged the four sights and his spiritual quest. He began studying under famous religious teachers that day, first mastering meditation. Discovering that mere meditation did not end suffering, the Buddha continued on his path to fasting, holding his breath, and exposing himself to pain in order to end suffering, but this did not work. It was through this near death experience and closeness to the earth that he discovered the idea of moderation in terms of self-mortification and self-indulgence. When he was 35, he sat in a sacred fig tree to m editate in Bodh Gaya, India. He did not rise until he achieved enlightenment. The second piece of artwork shows the Buddha under a tree meditating while he is attacked by demons of Mara. After achieving enlightenment, a monastic order was instituted at the first teaching of his new band of followers. Teaching the path to awakening, he traveled and taught until his death. The third panel is the first sermon, which is meant to portray the humanity in the Buddha as he preaches to a crowd. The deer in the panel is used to describe the location of Deer Park at Sarnath. The two deer here are meant to demonstrate the willingness and appreciation of the earth and all creations of the enlightenment that the human Buddha attained. Between the two deer the dharma is placed which is an icon from Hindu indicative of kingship. While normally attached to Hindi gods to demonstrate their materialistic authority, in this case it is used to demonstrate the spiritual authority. This panel demonstrates the period which was the first Buddhist law (Dehejia). The journey to nirvana is the concept demonstrated in the fourth panel. On this panel his death in India is indicative of the entire Buddhist belief. The panel shows chieftains mourning the immense loss while looking over his body with grief and lack of understanding while the monks are at peace, enlightened by the idea that his passing is nothing more than a release from the endless cycle of rebirth. References: Dehejia, Vidya. Stupas and Sculptures of Early Buddhism. Asian Art, Vol. 2 No. 2 1989. Freedberg, David. The power of images.  Art History  15.2 (1992): 275-278. Kohn, Michael. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Shambhala. 1991. Gombrich, Richard. Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.  Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988. Preziosi, Donald, ed.  The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology: A Critical Anthology. Oxford University Press, 1998. Robinson et al.,  Buddhist Religions, page xx;  Philosophy East and West, vol 54, Williams,  Mahayana Buddhism, Routledge, 1st ed., 1989. Saunders, Dale. Murda: A Study of Symbolic Gestures in Japanese Buddhist Sculptur.e New York Pantheon Books, 1960 pl. 11.

Habits and Traits of the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

Habits and Traits of the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis A recent immigrant to the United States, the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) made its presence known quickly. Accidental introductions, probably in wooden packing crates from China, led to infestations in New York and Chicago in the 1990s. Thousands of trees were chipped and burned to prevent its spread. More recently, Anoplophora glabripennis appeared in New Jersey and Toronto, Canada. What makes this beetle so dangerous to our trees? All four stages of the life cycle damage the host trees. Description: The Asian Longhorned Beetle belongs to the family of wood boring beetles, Cerambycidae. Adult beetles measure 1-1 ½ inches in length. Their shiny black bodies have white spots or markings, and the long antennae have alternating black and white stripes. The Asian longhorned beetle may be mistaken for two species native to the U.S., the cottonwood borer and the whitespotted sawyer. All other stages of the life cycle occur within the host tree, so its not likely you will see them. The female chews away a small amount of bark and lays white, oval eggs singly within the tree. Larvae, which are also white and resemble small grubs, chew their way through the vascular tissue of the tree and move into the wood. Pupation happens within the tunnels the larvae create in the wood. The newly emerged adult chews its way out of the tree. Usually, identification of this pest is made by observing damage to the host trees, and then finding an adult beetle to confirm the suspected infestation. When the female oviposits, it causes the sap to weep. When a tree has multiple wounds with dripping sap, wood borers may be suspected. As the adults chew their way out of the tree, they push large amounts of sawdust from their exit holes. This accumulated sawdust, usually around the base of the tree or piled in the crotch of branches, is another sign of the Asian longhorned beetle. The adult beetle emerges from an oval exit hole about the size of a pencil eraser. Classification: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeopteraFamily - CerambycidaeGenus - AnoplophoraSpecies - A. glabripennis Diet: Asian longhorned beetles feed on wood of many common hardwood species: birches, common horsechestnuts, elms, hackberries, London planes, maples, mountain ashes, poplars, aspens, and willows. They show a particular preference for maples. Larvae feed on the phloem tissue and wood; adults feed on bark during their mating and egg-laying period. Life Cycle: Asian longhorned beetles undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Egg - Eggs are laid singly within the host trees bark, and hatch in 1-2 weeks.Larva  - Newly hatched larvae tunnel into the vascular tissue of the tree. As they mature, larvae migrate into the wood, causing extensive damage. Larvae may reach 5 cm in length when fully grown, feeding for at least 3 months.Pupa - At maturity, the larvae move near the surface of the tree (under the bark) to pupate. Adults emerge in about 18 days.Adult - The adult beetles actively mate and lay eggs throughout the summer and fall. Special Adaptations and Defenses: Asian longhorned beetle larvae and adults chew wood with large mandibles. Adults, especially males, display long antennae used to sense the sex pheromones of potential mates. Habitat: Areas where host trees are available, particularly where maples, elms, and ash are in abundance. In the U.S. and Canada, known Asian longhorned beetle infestations have occurred in urban areas. Range: The Asian longhorned beetles native range includes China and Korea. Accidental introductions expanded the range to include the United States, Canada, and Austria, hopefully temporarily. The introduced populations are believed to be under control. Other Common Names: Starry sky beetle, Asian cerambycid beetle Sources: Asian Longhorned Beetle, Canadian Forest ServiceAsian Longhorned Beetle, University of Vermont Entomology Researh Laboratory

Visual dynamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Visual dynamic - Essay Example As a photographer, Brandenburg was well-known for being dissatisfied with the pictures that he took; out of hundreds of rolls, he would often only submit a handful for publication. In 1981, the United States Postal Service commissioned Brandenburg to come up with a set of wildlife stamps. Throughout his career, Jim Brandenburg has received much recognition from his peers and photo critics alike. In 1988, Brandenburg was named the Wildlife Photographer of the Year by BBC Wildlife and The Natural History Museum. Three years later, Brandenburg received UN recognition, the Global 500 Environmental World Achievement Award, and was presented the award by the king of Sweden. Outdoor Photography Magazine included Brandenburg in its list of â€Å"40 Most Influential Nature Photographers.† Brandenburg also used his popularity for to help others by establishing the Brandenburg Prairie Foundation in 1999. The purpose of this organization is to protect the prairie in Brandenburg’s home state of

Nonverbal communication in the classroom (between students and Term Paper

Nonverbal communication in the classroom (between students and instructor) - Term Paper Example All things communicate and this includes material, time systems and physical space. Whereas it’s easy to turn off verbal communication, non-verbal can’t be easily done away with. The purpose of this paper is to explore how non-verbal communication affects or relates to what is happening in the classroom especially between the student and the instructor and try and look at how it can be understood and have different meanings. There has been an overemphasis on verbal communication in the classroom and early research primarily focused entirely on the verbal interaction taking place between the teacher and student. However within a period of the last three and half decades, practitioners, researchers and scholars have realized the relevance that non-verbal communication has in the classroom. It has been researched and proven that non-verbal component part of communication is as crucial as verbal when it comes to instructor-student relationship(Ambady&Rosenthal,1993) However it is important to note that there is what works and what doesn’t when it comes to the typical classroom. Instructors or rather teachers have got various roles to play in the classroom so as to effectively impart their learners (students) with the pre-requisite skills and knowledge they require in a specific subject. Some of these roles include; the role of the teacher as a speaker, moderator, manager, trainer, coordinator, contro ller, supervisor and helper. To be effective in all those roles listed above, a teacher must be able to exhibit the right way of communication to the class or else s/he might be mistaken or rather misunderstood. Not only is the verbal communication critical, nonverbal communication too is extremely important and it has a very huge impact to the students. Nonverbal communication serves many functions such as repetition, contradiction, substitution, complementing, accenting and regulating verbal

Citizenship of organizations, nations and the planet- Rights and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Citizenship of organizations, nations and the planet- Rights and Responsibilities Essay Man is a social animal. The history of mankind is the history of evolving societies, civilizations and nations. These are the various levels of groups a person exists as a citizen of, where he cooperates with others to fulfil and increase his own needs and potential and therefore developing that group as a whole. Hence, an individual is tied to his social moorings which provide him certain rights for his own self development and also demand from him certain responsibilities for the well being and sustainability of the society as a whole. These rights and responsibilities are indispensable for any organisation to exist and develop. The rights have also evolved as society has progressed. Earlier in the days when democracy did not exist, a king or a dictator did not need to worry much about rights of his citizens. But democracy is based on will of people. In a democratic government, a citizen gets his rights which are fundamental to his well being and growth. Hence, in India our constitution makers provided us with fundamental rights which we did not enjoy when india was not a democratic nation. Similarly, when industrialisation had emerged in western Europe, the rights of the workers was not given much credence to. They lived in miserable conditions, with very long working hours and less leisure. But today, every organisation provides its workers safe working environment as a right. Today, as the twenty-first century enters its second decade the world has shrunk in a space becoming a global village.The ancient Indian notion encapsulated in the sanskrit dictum ‘vasudhaiva kutumbakam’( the world is a family ) has never been truer.Today, its not realistic to think only in terms of ones own country .The exchange of ideas and goods are taking place everywhere in the world with ever greater frequency,speed and ease.The safety of people everywhere not only depends on local security forces,but also on guarding against terrorism.What happens in other parts of the world affect other nations too. We are becoming citizens of a unified planet. Under this perspective, the united nations formulated the Human rights which  are fundamental for the existence of a citizen irrespective of race, gender or geography like right to live with security, right against slavery. If a government denies its citizens these basic rights for example in a genocide, UN can intervene to restore peace and a legitimate government. Likewise it sends directives to its member nations on how they can perform better so that the citizens have better life. A citizen needs to take full responsibility towards Organization, Nation as well as Planet.People everywhere increasingly connected through travel,trade and the internet. World is so closely knitted today that a fire that starts in a remote thatched in one corner of a village can melt the steel girders of the tallest skyscrapers at the other end of our global village. The impact of 9/11 was felt all around the world or the impact of recession that was felt all around the world in 2008 due to the failure of Lehman brothers and Bear stearns .The impact that one citizen, organization or nation creates around the world cannot be ignored in such an interdependent world .We can no longer afford the luxury of not thinking about the impact on the planet in anything we do . The problems that the world is facing today like terrorism ,of the proliferation of weapons of mass destructions,global warming ,contagious disease, poverty, mass illiteracy and massive displacement cannot be addressed by one or a group of country alone .Today nations around the world find them vulnerable to threats from beyond once borders counterfeiters of currency,drug smugglers,child traffickers,pirates ,credit-card crooks and even imported diseases such as swine flu. Such problems required solutions that transcends all boundaries and it can only happen when one think himself as a global citizen and realize their rights and responsibilities towards the planet. Citizenship is the status of a person recognised under the law of a state that bestows on that person the rights and the duties of citizenship. Rights and responsibilities complement each other.It has been rightly said with great power also comes great responsibilities.Rights and respondibilities both should be enjoyed actively .Active citizenship is the  philosopy that citizens would work towards the betterment of society through economic participation, volunteer work and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. A right has not be enjoyed by an individual at the cost of other’s right. A right pertains to an individual’s liberty but to sustain and develop equality in a society, responsibilities or duties are must to be followed by the citizens. If we have a right to free speech, then it becomes our responsibility to moderate our speech so that it does not incite hatred between groups and communities. Keeping this in view, India incorporated fundamental duties as well in its constitution to complement the rights. Now corporates which thrive on lands and forests occupied earlier by other communities, they have to share their riches with those people in the form of corporate social responsibility. Mahatma gandhi had aptly said that the world has enough to fulfil everyone’s need but not enough to fulfil anyone’s greed. In today’s world where resources are scarce, these words of his have become highly relevant. In the name of development, we are polluting our air and cutting down our forests. We are threatening the livelihood of various communities which sustain on these lands. This has led to widespread social tensions resulting into violence. The corporates and other players are forgetting their responsibilities towards the society. Their rights to do business must be in harmony with the rights of citizens whose livelihood gets affected. Many Management literates have investigated the notion of Citizenship from three perspective-an Organizational Citizenship (where the efforts are undertaken by the employees to behave as good citizens within their organization); from a social perspective with the notion of Corporate Citizenship (where initiatives are undertaken by businesses to act responsibly in society in particular and the Nation in general) and last but not the least from the planet perspective with the notion of Environment Citizenship (where efforts should be undertaken by Individuals/entity to be responsible towards environmental protection). At the organization level citizens should strive for sustainable development . There should be effort towards a future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use meet human needs without undermining the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that future generations may also have their needs met. Central coalfield Limited(CCL) as a responsible organization in making citizens partner in progress. Major corporate social responsibility(CSR) activity of Central Coalfield Limited (CCL) 1. CCL has adopted 2 villages in the nearby vicinity in which Rs. 50 lac was provided for setting up a Solar Light Generating Unit. 2. CCL has organized 25 medical camps in the adopted villages, in which 2644 persons were benefitted. 3. CCL has constructed/ repaired 17 rural roads, built/ repaired 21 rural schools and 20 community centers have been constructed/ repaired. 4. 11 visually impaired girl students of Brajkishore Netrahin Balaika vidyalia have been adopted by CCL for their education and Health Care. 5. For providing the supply of drinking water, 84 works with respect to digging of hand pumps, installation of hand pumps, wells, ponds etc. were undertaken by CCL giving benefit to 105 villages. 6. 335 health camps were organized in different villages of CCL in which 52309 people were benefited. 7. CCL has started operation JYOTI to eradicate reversible blindness in command areas and 2511 persons have been operated so far. 8. An amount of Rs. 3.70 Cr. was provided to state Government for construction of Bridge on Ray-Tandwa- Khilari Road. 9. Rs. 81.38 lac was provided to Jharkhand state for De-Silting of Kanke Dam, Ranchi.

Death and Justice A Response :: essays papers

Death and Justice A Response In reading Mr. Koch’s article Death and Justice, I was quite impressed with his opinions and ability to articulate them. I must say that I too am a supporter of the death penalty and would be hard pressed to argue my point more convincingly than Mr. Koch. Mr. Koch mentions several points, but the three that are the most poignant are his arguments concerning the barbaric, murderous, and imperfect aspects of the death penalty. First, I do not feel that the death penalty is barbaric at all. As Mr. Koch points out, we have come a long way from drawing and quartering our criminals. Lethal injection is no more barbaric then a flu-shot. Many people are more concerned with the comfort and well being of our felons than our neighbors. What is barbaric is allowing a man to live after he heinously raped and murdered a young girl. I personally have no objection to the use of many long-forgotten methods, such as the guillotine, noose, firing squad, or headman’s axe. Specifically, murder is defined as the unlawful premeditated killing of a human being. Government-sanctioned executions, which follow the laws of the state, are not murder by this standard. Koch writes â€Å"The execution of a lawfully condemned killer is no more murder than is legal imprisonment kidnapping.† I feel this sums it up quite eloquently. The government is not an individual and is not limited by the rights and responsibilities of individuals. People who call the death penalty murder do so out of a sense of moral outrage rather then an intellectual consideration. While our system of government, just like all others, is imperfect, we have several checks and balances built into the system to help ensure accuracy. There are rare occasions when the innocent are punished, but until all the criminals come forward on their own to admit their crimes, we can only continue on. Those people who are convicted are given chances to appeal their sentences. We cannot, for fear of making a mistake, bring our justice system to a halt. I also believe in Karma and believe that if someone is wrongly punished, then it either is retribution for other misdeeds or it will be made up to them in another life.

Montessori VS Gibson: Education and Perception

Maria Montessori and Eleanor Gibson are two of the primary education theorists in the last 100 years.   Both are female, which was rare in their fields at the time, and both contributed to education and learning theories in ways that are still widely used today.   However, each has a different perspective on education, and a different and unique contribution to the field of educational research.   Overall, there are many significant similarities and differences in the educational theories created and implemented by Montessori and Gibson.Montessori was born in Italy in 1870.   She attended medical school there despite protests about her gender, and was the first woman to ever become a doctor in Italy.   After medical school, Montessori went on to work with poor children.   She noticed that many of these children could not necessarily benefit from medical care, but could benefit from educational opportunities that they did not have.   After noticing this, Montessori went on to teach children and develop a system of education that is used throughout the world today.Her early success in teaching was met with surprise, as even she had been skeptical that her methods would work.   The progress that these economically poor children showed was amazing to her, and to others who came to see what they could do.   In fact, efforts were so successful that Montessori went on to open up other ‘poor houses’ around Italy, and later, in other countries.   Towards the end of her life, she traveled around, teaching the ‘Montessori method’ to other teachers in countries throughout the world (Cossentino).Gibson was born in America in 1910.   As a child, she was discouraged from attending school because of her gender, but persevered and attended anyway.   After secondary school, she attended Yale and eventually earned a Ph.D. in developmental psychology.   Gibson then began to work with children and animals, doing experiments to see what babies knew from birth and what was learned.Her most famous experiment is the â€Å"visual cliff,† where a drop-off is set up and covered by glass.   Babies aged 6 to 14 months are placed at the edge and encouraged to crawl onto the clear glass.   However, all babies refused, suggesting that they could perceive depth from birth.   Gibson used the information she gathered from these experiments to investigate the way people learn and perceive their environment.   Gibson’s experiments are still being carried out by her students today (Gibson).Maria Montessori created a method for teaching children that today is used to educate children from birth through age 18, although it is mostly commonly used for ages three to six.   The general principle is to allow a child his freedom to work at his own pace, on the activities he chooses.   Several age-appropriate activities are possible, and the child chooses what he is interested in and investigates it thorough ly.   Children at work are never interrupted, and individual work takes precedence over group work.   Additionally, all groups are multi-age, with three ages in one group.   The most common age group is the three to six year old ages.   These groupings exist so the older children will teach the younger children, advancing both of their learning (www.montessori.edu).Gibson’s approach to education is different.   Her studies focused on perceptual development and innate knowledge in babies rather than education later in life, although her theories had implications for education later in life.   Gibson is known for starting the field of perceptual development in psychology, as little was known about it at the time.   Most doctors and psychologists assumed that to babies, the world was nothing more than a confusing buzz of sounds and sights, and that they could not make any sense of it or perceive it at all in the way of adults.These doctors assumed that babies learn ed to perceive as they aged and were taught about the world around them.   Gibson performed many experiments throughout her years as a researcher that disproved this view and brought about a brand-new view of perceptual development.   She wrote two books, one in 1967 on her research thus far, and one in 1991 that summed up what she had done in her lifetime (Gibson).The major difference between Montessori and Gibson is that Montessori was a doctor who specialized in teaching children based on their individual needs throughout their lives, while Gibson primarily focused on what children already knew when they were born and was not overly concerned with later life, as older children had already been studied more.   Gibson does, however, focus some on the processes of education throughout life, although primarily in what children know at birth and how this affects the way they learn later in life.They were similar, though, in their belief that children were different than others t hought.   Children were not stupid, were not blank slates, and did not need help in learning everything.   Children were born with innate abilities to learn and to perceive.   Gibson and Montessori both furthered this idea through their work.   Both women also helped to show that children could work seriously, even from a young age; that their attention spans are long enough and their perceptions are good enough to learn on their own.Gibson did further experiments, mostly with infants, and often with animals, as certain types of experiments are not ethical in humans.   One significant finding was in how human children learned to read and recognize letters.   Gibson theorized that children would learn by seeking out the features that are different about the letters, or â€Å"contrastive features.†Ã‚   She came upon this theory based on experiments with animals that showed this was how they learned to recognize colors, patterns, and other objects.   It turned out that this was, indeed, how children learned, by recognizing different features in the letters to distinguish one from another (Spelke).Also, Gibson was trying to focus on the ‘mechanisms which operate in all learning (Gibson).’   Her goal was to discover, through her research on perception, how exactly humans learned, and how figuring this out could benefit them in some way.   This research was crucial later to show how much people really knew and were capable of learning at all ages.Montessori did not focus nearly as much on how children perceived, but on how they learned (which is, in general, what Montessori and Gibson have most in common).   Montessori emphasized that all children learned differently and needed an environment which nurtured this.   Children who are put in an environment and allowed to learn what they chose tended to choose to learn as much as possible.   Montessori also emphasizes creativity through learning to do a number of different thi ngs, and to learn them correctly.   For example, music lessons can be a part of Montessori if a child chooses; but the teachers encourage the students to learn to play an instrument correctly, not to use it for an unorthodox purposes, like using a violin as a hammer (www.montessori.edu).Additionally, Montessori focuses on work, rather than play in her education model.   Most preschools believe that children learn through random play, while Montessori emphasizes purposeful work even from the young ages in order to investigate and learn about the world (Cossentino 63).Both methods are based on the premise that children know more than they are given credit for.   Gibson was sure that children could understand and perceive far more than psychologists thought they could, and her experiments showed that this was true.   In fact, Gibson did experiments on animals that proved even further what the experiments with babies began to show.   Gibson took newborn kids (baby goats) and p laced them on the visual cliff, and even at birth they would not go over it.She also placed kittens on the cliff once they were old enough to move and see, and they would not go over it.   Gibson reared some animals in complete darkness for awhile, and some would still not go over the cliff when they entered the light.   Kittens were an exception to this.   For a few days, they crawled across the whole surface and did not notice the cliff; after that, they, too, stopped going over the edge.   Gibson tried to place them on the cliff right away, so they would learn that crawling onto the glass was safe, but once kittens could see better, even though they knew the glass was safe from previous experience, they still would not go across it once they could see the cliff, suggesting that the perception of this drop is innate and not learned (Spelke).Innate ability is the key to Gibson and Montessori.   Both believed that children had innate ability to learn, to recognize, and to know.   Montessori built her schools on this premise.   In fact, many schools have children who are discovering and understanding subjects that adults think are far beyond their capabilities at a young age.   Elementary age students may teach themselves advanced mathematics or science concepts, ideas that are usually taught in high school.   The Montessori method encourages children to use their innate curiosity and ability to investigate to find out about their world and learn as much as they can about it (www.montessori.edu).Children are unusually intelligent and have strong capabilities.   They are not born with no knowledge, no skills, and no ability to learn.   Both Gibson and Montessori’s research showed that this is true.   Children are born knowing things, and born with a thirst to know more things.   Children learn by perceiving the world around them and continuing to try things out until they figure out how it works, and why.Montessori had an early i dea about how children learned, and created a system to teach them in that natural way.   Today’s Montessori schools are all across the world, at every age group, public and private.   Montessori still means that children learn individually, even when they are in high school.   Students who study by the Montessori method tend to score above average on standardized tests (despite a complete lack of teaching to the test) and tend to get into good colleges and succeed well in life.This is because students are given the opportunity to work individually from a young age, which leads to self-motivation.   Self-motivation is the most crucial part of the theory; children will learn far more if they are doing it on their own, based on intrinsic motivation, rather than extrinsic motivation.   The Montessori method promotes this intrinsic motivation from the beginning (www.montessori.edu).Gibson’s work, which came later, explained in psychological detail what Montessori seemed to ‘innately know,’ just as her students innately knew about the world around them.   Gibson’s experiments shed light on the way children perceived their world and how much they actually knew and understood before anyone taught them.Today, many people are still a bit skeptical about the ideas put forth by these two women.   However, many of the major educational and psychological movements are based on the work that both women did in their individual fields.   Gibson’s experiments have given way to a plethora of research in cognitive and perceptual psychology, specifically aimed at trying to figure out how infants and animals really think and understand.The result of all of these years of experiments and programs it that children are better prepared to learn about their world in a way that makes sense to them.   Children are better focused, better behaved, and learn more, better, and more quickly when their natural abilities are recognized and respected.  Ã‚   Children in Montessori classrooms or those with teachers who believe in their ability to think, learn, and perceive without explicit teaching thrive better than those who have teachers who think they are merely blank slates, empty vessels waiting to be taught to look, listen, think, and perceive.The educational world has both Gibson and Montessori to thank for their new insights into teaching young children.   Both women made significant contributions to the field at a time when women were not welcomed into medical fields.   Both women had to fight for their right to an education, and both women were intelligent enough and savvy enough to get their degrees and conduct their programs despite opposition.   Without them, education would not be what it is today.BibliographyCossentino, Jacqueline M. (2006).   â€Å"Big Work: Goodness, Vocation, and Engagement in the Montessori Method.†Ã‚   Curriculum Inquiry.   36, 1, 63 – 92.Gibson, Eleanor J. (1940). â€Å"A Systematic Application of the Concepts of Generalization and Differentiation to Verbal Learning.† Psychological Review.   47, 196 – 229.Gibson, Eleanor J. (1934). â€Å"Retention and the Interpolated Task.† American Journal of Psychology.   46, 603 – 610.â€Å"The International Montessori Index (2006).†Ã‚   Accessed December 18, 2006.   Website: www.montessori.edu.  Spelke, Elizabeth (2003).   â€Å"Gibson’s Work: An Extended Reply to Helmholtz.†Ã‚   Association for Psychological Science, 16, 4.

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II

The Korean War started in the aftermath of World War II.   When the Great War that ended all wars resulted in the defeat of Japan, a new power arose in the Pan Asian area, the specter of USSR.   Stalin’s tight rein on the country and its quick and vicious rise to superpower status caused Americans to fear that the Soviet Empire would attempt to spread communism throughout the world.   Eastern Europe had already been engulfed and President Truman was weary of the possibility of the rest of Asia falling into the grasp of communism. Therefore in Korea, America made a stand for democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The United States called this policy â€Å"containment†, to contain the spread of communism because it attempts to encroach on America’s philosophy of democracy (Ridgeway, 15).   The very policy of containment arose out of fear from Secretary of State Kissinger that the Soviet Union’s eventual plan is to dominate the politics of the Pan Asian Alliance and eventually threaten the rest of Europe. The Korean War rose out of these circumstances as a battle against communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Northern Korea threatened Southern Korea through a series of hostile attacks, and after the South Korean Army with help from the US decimated the Northern Alliance, China’s quick intercession quickly changed the tides of war.   Korea was not an isolated two nation battle; rather it represented a political ideological struggle between westernization and communism (Ridgeway, 15).   Ã‚  China wanted to exert its presence following its own communist revolution as chose Korea as the testing grounds for its new army operations.   When Korea was finally split in half after indecisive battles, its role in history was forever termed as the â€Å"Forgotten War†. Vietnam occurred under similar circumstances.   The Soviet Union’s powers were at its peak during this time, having proved that they were now a nuclear power; this is the first time that these two nations met indirectly (Moise, 130).   Vietnam became the first major war in the post nuclear weapons era and it was motivated by the continuance of the theory of containment. Although large amounts of troop activity was already taking place during the John F. Kennedy era, President Johnson’s term saw the escalation of troops and combat within the region.   The North Koreans were constantly supplied via underground shipments from the Soviet Union and China, thus the war did not seem like it would end (Moise, 130).   The conclusive withdraw of US troops during Nixon’s presidency represented the first major victory and breakthrough for the communists in Asia.   As a result, the specter of the Cold War continued to loom over the world. The Iraqi war placed the United States in a unique position.   Since September 11th, the war on terrorism is very much different from the war on communism in that there are no tangible enemies.   Following unsuccessful attacks on terrorism in Afghanistan, the target of Iraq represented President Bush’s strategy of First strike defense, or preemptive strike (Roberts, 23)   This theory contends that as Iraq has an obvious hatred of the United States and has shown in that past to have harbored and still harbors weapons of mass destruction. Destroying it before it could target the United States either through direct attack or through helping terrorist cells (Roberts, 23),. This philosophy is very much motivated by a number of policies, among them was the previous attack on Iraq in Operation Desert Storm which severely weakened Saddam Hussein’s military power in the region.   However, since there was no eminent threat to the United States, there was no international consortium as large as the ones during Korea and Vietnam (Roberts, 23). Therefore, the war on Iraq is viewed by many in the international community as illegitimate and unsanctioned.   As such the political pressures from around the world are very much negative.   Even in victory, the Iraqi war now seems to have bear consequences that has harmed the United State’s position in the world political circle.   The current negotiations with the United Nations to aid in the Iraqi effort has met with resistance as the world community repeatedly contends they will not help George Bush clean up the scene of his crime.   The political undercurrents of this war may turn negative much like the results of the Vietnam resolution (Roberts, 23). Ridgway, Matthew B. He Korean War. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1988. Moise, Edwin E. Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. North Carolina: UNC Press , 1996. Roberts, Paul. The End Of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. Seattle: Mariner Books, 2005.

Is knowledge justified true belief Essay Example

Is knowledge justified true belief Essay Example Is knowledge justified true belief Paper Is knowledge justified true belief Paper Epistemology is amongst the most important and most debated areas of Philosophy; Defining knowledge itself has proved to be one of the most pressing problems. Knowledge has often been described as justified true belief; This tradition can be observed to have been applied as far back as the times of Plato, and claims that there are three criteria that must be satisfied in order for an individual to possess knowledge. This is known as the tripartite theory of knowledge. Following the requirements of this theory, if we believe something, have justification for such a belief, and it is true, then our belief is knowledge. 1 The allegory of a ladder aptly describes the logic behind the tripartite theory of knowledge; the bottom of the ladder representing ignorance, and the top, knowledge. A belief must overcome each rung of the ladder, thus bringing it closer to knowledge. The first step is an unjustified belief. At the next step, the belief becomes justified, but may still prove to be true or false and therefore cannot constitute knowledge. The next step is an unjustified true belief; hereby truth has been found but there is no reasoning behind it. The last stage, when accomplished, establishes a justified true belief. The believer knows their belief to be true and has justification for this; hence the believer has achieved knowledge. 2This seems logical and straightforward, but it is debatable as to whether this can really be praised with describing the full extent of what knowledge is. Gettier most notably expanded upon why this theory is slightly dubious by pointing out that a justified true belief may not actually be what we would commonly refer to as knowledge by pointing out a number of examples of justified true beliefs that were not knowledge. 3 Thus, it would seem, the tripartite theory, fails. However, by expanding upon the notions of truth and justification it might be possible for find some way of agreeing with the tripartite theory post Gettier. On the basis of the tripartite theory, to be considered true knowledge, a belief must be justifiable4. If we take the meaning of a justifiable belief to be one we are within our rights of holding5 we must question our justification for such a conclusion. Therefore, it must surely call the benefits of defining a belief as justifiable into question, that is to say, it leads us to consider whether justifiable is really a term worthy of a rung on the allegorical ladder to true knowledge. It also means that, in fact, any justifications we might propose in search of certain knowledge, have to justify the means of their justification; therefore leading to a seemingly infinite regression. To avoid this, one might suggest that there must be some form of basis that we may rely on without questioning; This basis of beginning with a priori principles which we must believe to be true prior to experience is the stance taken by rationalists. However, many Empiricists have questioned whether such a priori principles can actually exist. Since our experience is so limited, it seems valid to suggest that, in fact, we can only ever say what has been the case as far as we and others may account for. For the Empiricists, our knowledge is based on reasoning, through a process of deduction7. Therefore, we gain knowledge from what we might call a common denominator perceived from a range of experiences. Hereby, for the likes of Aristotle, true knowledge is what we gain from our reasoning on the basis of our experiences in the world. However, this idea of basing knowledge, although partially, on perception, also seems to call many things into question. Surely, therefore, it seems safer to suggest that knowledge could merely be what one subjectively believes to be true even if such a proposition would deem the idea of knowledge as less worthy. Perception and observation can be understood as conveying information about what is inputted to our senses. The result of these processes, or output, is considered to be a belief; such a belief may constitute knowledge. However, it would seem that much of our knowledge does come to us through our senses, adding to the suggestion of it subjective nature. Although the way that we perceive the world may be, in part, determined by the world, it is also heavily determined by us. We are not able to receive information about the world passively, and arguably contribute much to our own experiences. Thus implying an unreliable basis for knowledge and leading to questioning of whether true knowledge can actually exist at all. The notion that knowledge or certainty can never be absolute has been entertained by philosophers for years; in particular, certainty of anything that is based wholly on sense experience8. Throughout the history of philosophy there have been numerous arguments portraying the unreliability of sense experience that are often hard to refute; one of the most memorable being that anything we gather from what we experience through our senses can never be deemed reliable as to what is actually beyond such appearances. Sensory skeptics have highlighted this fact that that any knowledge gained from perceptions is biased by how things appear solely to us and that we cannot know what causes those appearances. Thus, any explanation of knowledge that involves experience, or sense knowledge, is called into question. Throughout the history of philosophy, sensory skeptics have argued that we perceive only things as they appear to us and cannot know what, if anything, causes those appearances. Thus, if there is sense knowledge involved in a theory of knowledge from that stance of the skeptic, it will always be personal, direct and inconsistent as any conclusions we make from this very personal input are, therefore, subject to error as we have no way of knowing whether our inferences from our perceptions of the world are actually correct. This case could lead us towards Platos argument of true knowledge that states that it is to be found outside the realms of the physical world. However, in turn, surely we must question the worthiness of something outside our own experience as it can never be experienced and therefore has questionable value. It would seem a logical conclusion that all we can ever claim to know must be on the basis of our own experience. Thus we begin this deductive process of acquiring knowledge at birth where the mind is, what John Locke referred to as a Tabula Rasa,9 Therefore, knowledge could be more simply defined at the output of our reasoning on the basis of our experiences. In conclusion, knowledge, even if we are to question its certainty or its basis of what has been called assumption, is information that is both true and justified in as far as it is possible to draw any conclusions on the matter. In response to Gettier, if we have a belief that is true and we can find justification for it, even if the justification is false, we still, arguably come to the same truthful conclusion. We might add to the tripartite theory that true knowledge also requires that the justifications made to also be true, that is to say, there must be no errors is the reasoning of the individual. Although when subject to the challenges of skepticism as to the concept of knowledge itself, as far as we can understand, the tripartite theory does produce as adequate account of what knowledge is and logical way or establishing it. Therefore, knowledge is justifiable true belief that has been based on experienced and justified by human reasoning. Any definition of knowledge without these qualifying factors is beyond the realms of our experience and, therefore, arguably beyond our understanding and therefore of little value.

How to Make a Marijuana Tincture

How to Make a Marijuana Tincture Making a marijuana tincture is an easy way to extract THC and cannabinoids from Cannabis. A tincture is an alcohol-based solution, used to extract organics from herbs and other plants. Tinctures are useful because they isolate certain compounds better than soaking or boiling herbs in water, the alcohol acts as a natural preservative, and medicinal tinctures often take effect more quickly than other administration routes, like eating, drinking, or smoking. Marijuana Tincture Materials A typical ratio of plant matter to alcohol would be 1 gram to 1 fluid ounce (35 ml) of alcohol. Up to 6 grams of Cannabis can be used, depending on your resources and how concentrated you want the end product to be. Do not use any other type of alcohol besides ethyl alcohol or ethanol (e.g., isopropyl alcohol or methyl alcohol), as these chemicals are toxic. Cannabis sativa bud, fresh or driedHigh-proof ethanolFlavoring (optional)Small glass jar with lidBrown or blue glass dropper bottle Everclear is a popular source of ethanol because it is so high in alcohol. 151 rum also works. Be sure to use food-quality ethanol, not denatured alcohol. Denatured alcohol contains contaminants that make it unsafe to drink. Lower concentrations of alcohol will not be as effective for the extraction or preservation. Basic Steps To Prepare a Cannabis Tincture Place the marijuana in the bottle.  Pour alcohol into the bottle, making certain to cover the plant matter.Seal the bottle. Place it in a warm location, out of direct sunlight.Give the alcohol mixture at least a day, but preferably longer than a week to soak. You can shake the bottle from time to time to ensure a good extraction of  the THC and other cannabinoids.Filter the liquid through a coffee filter to remove the solids and reserve the liquid in a dark-colored glass dropper bottle. Avoid using plastic, as the liquid may leach some undesirable compounds from the plastic into the tincture over time. Flavoring may be added to improve the taste of the tincture, if desired.A typical dose would be 3-5 drops, depending on how strong you made the tincture. Start with the minimum amount and see what works best for you. Fast Marijuana Tincture Recipe While the classic tincture instructions are fine, you can prepare a tincture much more quickly if youre willing to put in slightly more preparation time. Also, this method uses less source material (although the tincture is also less potent). This recipe produces an effective tincture in as little as an hour. The disadvantage of the method is that it uses heat, which can damage some of the many cannabinoids in Cannabis if you get carried away. Dont exceed the recommended temperature. Dry about 4-5 grams of a Cannabis sativa bud.Grind the material to increase surface area (speeds extraction).Bake the marijuana is a 240 F over (set for just under 250 F) for 30 minutes. This decarboxylates the matter, improving the extraction of desirable compounds while helping to eliminate unwanted chemicals. Both heat and alcohol can convert  the THCA molecules in the plant matter into active THC.Place the marijuana in 2 ounces of alcohol. Make sure it is covered and seal the container to prevent gas exchange with air.Place the container in a cool, dark location. The longer you allow for the alcohol to extract the cannabinoids, the more potent your tincture will be. You can watch the extraction progress as the color of the liquid changes from clear to green. Once the color is stable (up to 2 or 3 hours), filter the liquid using a coffee filter or cheesecloth. Of course, you can consider the tincture done sooner, but you may lose potency.Store the tincture in a dark glass droppe r bottle. While the alcohol preserves a tincture at room temperature, its fine to refrigerate it to further reduce the chance of mold or fungal growth. How to Use a Marijuana Tincture The ideal way to use this tincture is to apply drops sublingually (under your tongue). Use a few drops and then wait to determine the effect. Cannabinoids are quickly absorbed across the mucosa of the mouth into the bloodstream for distribution to the brain and other parts of the body. If the desired effect is not achieved after the initial dose, a few more drops may be applied.

Finance Essay on risk management and investment

Finance on risk management and investment - Essay Example Different methods of analysis, reconstruction will be used. The process will involve majorly looking at the different kind of risks inherent in the portfolio and determining ways on how to reduce the risk. Executive Summary The investor seeks to come up with a well-structured portfolio that will serve him the purpose of better returns in the future. The investor has identified seven stocks namely: Barclays, BP, Lloyd Banking, European FTS, ISHARES CHINA, EFTS CMOD SECS, MSCI BRAZIL, and TUI TRAVEL. The investor intends on investing in stock shares as his major line of returns. The portfolio seems diverse as it entails stocks from different regions. The shares are all have a fair volatility ranging from a minimum of 4% -13%.This is a major strength in the portfolio as the investor will be least faced by shares that are quite elastic. However, in my view, the investor poses as one who is a traditional investor. He selects only share stocks and avoids investing in other securities such as bonds. There arises a risk in investing shares; one can never tell the exact time to sell them off as predicting when such shares will appreciate becomes a hustle. At the same time, all these companies issue out dividends. For investor companies, investors prefer that they maintain their levels of dividends so that such monies can be used in investing in other opportunities that would profit the company. In reconstructing the portfolio, I t will involve looking at the risk levels associated with the different kind of stocks and look into eliminating the least favourable ones either through statistical analysis or by going by what the market proposes. While analysing the portfolios past performance, it will entail looking at how the individual stocks performed. Our portfolio is composed of equity based investments. This will entail looking at how the individual shares performed in the industry and across other stocks. In our case, our cut-off date will be on January 1 ,2020 for th e purpose of buying stocks. Barclays With Barclay’s stock, the return on equity has decreased significantly over the years from 23.41% to 5.65% in year 2009 through to year 2011.This means that the company has been making low returns over the years or has very high operational costs. At the same time, the company could be having very high equity levels. The price per share for the company is quite low at 2.51, meaning that it is not a very favourite stock among investors or alternatively, the investors foresee a likelihood of the prices going up. It’s good to note that the company’s volatility is a bit high at 10%.This means that the stock is likely to affect a large investor upon any change in the market conditions. The earnings per share has also increased over the years from 25.1 to 35.9 from year 2010 to 2012.This is a very positive remark for the investor as over the years they experience value for their money. The stock also pays out dividends to its share holders at the end of every financial year. This would be a good indication to a normal investor who looks into trading with shares. However, for the investor’s portfolio this would not be a positive move as the investor would view the company as failing in investment decisions. Usually, investors prefer companies that look to invest their funds in the most profitable investments, companies that can manage to increase their asset base too. The company floats only 87% of its shares and has an

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF STARTEGY PLANNING Assignment

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF STARTEGY PLANNING - Assignment Example The company’s strength is in its research and development team which focuses on dermatology and cosmetology. Such capability has allowed the company to develop new products like Armani Code Donna. The company has continuously registered dismal performance in North America where Procter and Gamble is doing well. In the hair styling market, in Western Europe, the company is doing poorly. Such performance undermines investor confidence (L’Oreal Annual Report). Markets like United States provide the company with new opportunities. The old population in United States provides a large market for beauty products. They use revitalizing lotions and cosmetics that give them a good appeal and appearance. Emerging markets in Brazil, India and China provides market for the company’s cosmetic products. Indians provide a high demand for hair color products. Threats faced by L’Oreal include consumers opting for new technologies like organ transplant, cosmetic surgery and advanced dermatology, the company could lose market for its products. Increased competition from companies like Avon, Revlon, Procter and Gamble, Unilever, and others poses a significant threat to L’Oreal. Availability of counterfeit products in the market reduces consumer confidence and tarnishes the brand image. PESTLE analysis establishes the political, economic, social, technological, legal and the environment in which a company thrives. The company is doing well in local and international markets. The hair color products of the company are in high demand, in India. The company registered 70 million new consumers worldwide and is targeting an increment of outlets in new markets. Socially, the company involves itself in education, affirmative action, science and other issues. The company continues to improve social lives in many countries. The most significant involvement is a partnership with United

Study of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 02165 Essay

Study of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 02165 - Essay Example The only condition followed in this case is the investor has to behave in conformity maintaining prescription of portfolio theory. Early practitioners are of opinion that beta is the only explanatory factor, which has the ability to explain cross-sectional variation in the asset prices. Therefore, the CAPM model has successfully examined the predictions, which are made for measuring the risk-return relationship of asset prices (Black, Jensen and Scholes, 1972). Though the model was initially developed by Harry Markowitz, it was later modified by Lintner and Sharpe. The model actually explained that if a particular investor selects a portfolio for a period of time then he/she is said to be risk averse (Black, Jensen and Scholes, 1972). However, the modified version of the model is developed based on the following assumptions: CAPM has gained prominence in corporate finance, but there are many criticisms regarding its validity in the security market. The risk-return relationship is questioned, whether it has the ability to help the investor for making a good investment decision. Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) had identified the linear relation that exists between return, risk and beta of a stock. Beta is defined as a variable, which aims at explaining cross sectional returns of the stocks. The equation aims at explaining the risk-return relationship of the stocks to a great extent. The beta value is dependent on type of assets (Roll, 1977). It also helps in gauging the volatility of the stock with respect to market risk. The following interpretations can be made from the different value of beta (Solnik, 1974; Lahrech and Sylwester, 2011; Levy and Sarnat, 1970). The above explanations indicates towards the fact that beta can easily establish the risk-return relationship of stocks. Therefore, it can be depicted that the CAPM is a perfect model for evaluating the debt and equity status of a company by examining its risk-rerun relationship of the